Merge pull request 'Storage Optimizations' (#3) from component_store_optimize into master

encompass-cs/Attributes/DefaultWritePriority.cs

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ namespace Encompass
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class DefaultWritePriority : Attribute
     {
-        public int writePriority;
+        public int WritePriority { get; }
 
         public DefaultWritePriority(int writePriority)
         {
-            this.writePriority = writePriority;
+            WritePriority = writePriority;
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Attributes/QueryWith.cs

@@ -8,20 +8,13 @@ namespace Encompass
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class QueryWith : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> queryWithTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> QueryWithTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
 
         public QueryWith(params Type[] queryWithTypes)
         {
             foreach (var queryWithType in queryWithTypes)
             {
-                var isComponent = queryWithType.GetInterfaces().Contains(typeof(IComponent));
-
-                if (!isComponent)
-                {
-                    throw new IllegalReadTypeException("{0} must be a Component", queryWithType.Name);
-                }
-
-                this.queryWithTypes.Add(queryWithType);
+                QueryWithTypes.Add(queryWithType);
             }
         }
     }

encompass-cs/Attributes/QueryWithout.cs

@@ -8,20 +8,13 @@ namespace Encompass
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class QueryWithout : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> queryWithoutTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> QueryWithoutTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
 
         public QueryWithout(params Type[] queryWithoutTypes)
         {
             foreach (var type in queryWithoutTypes)
             {
-                var isComponent = type.GetInterfaces().Contains(typeof(IComponent));
-
-                if (!isComponent)
-                {
-                    throw new IllegalReadTypeException("{0} must be a Component", type.Name);
-                }
-
-                this.queryWithoutTypes.Add(type);
+                QueryWithoutTypes.Add(type);
             }
         }
     }

encompass-cs/Attributes/Reads.cs

@@ -8,20 +8,13 @@ namespace Encompass
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class Reads : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> readTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> ReadTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
 
         public Reads(params Type[] readTypes)
         {
             foreach (var readType in readTypes)
             {
-                var isComponent = readType.GetInterfaces().Contains(typeof(IComponent));
-
-                if (!isComponent)
-                {
-                    throw new IllegalReadTypeException("{0} must be a Component", readType.Name);
-                }
-
-                this.readTypes.Add(readType);
+                ReadTypes.Add(readType);
             }
         }
     }

encompass-cs/Attributes/ReadsImmediate.cs

@@ -1,27 +1,18 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
-using Encompass.Exceptions;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class ReadsImmediate : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> readImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> ReadImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
 
         public ReadsImmediate(params Type[] readImmediateTypes)
         {
             foreach (var readImmediateType in readImmediateTypes)
             {
-                var isComponent = readImmediateType.GetInterfaces().Contains(typeof(IComponent));
-
-                if (!isComponent)
-                {
-                    throw new IllegalReadTypeException("{0} must be a Component", readImmediateType.Name);
-                }
-
-                this.readImmediateTypes.Add(readImmediateType);
+                ReadImmediateTypes.Add(readImmediateType);
             }
         }
     }

encompass-cs/Attributes/Receives.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Encompass
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class Receives : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> receiveTypes;
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> ReceiveTypes;
 
         public Receives(params Type[] receiveTypes)
         {
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace Encompass
                 }
             }
 
-            this.receiveTypes = new HashSet<Type>(receiveTypes);
+            ReceiveTypes = new HashSet<Type>(receiveTypes);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Attributes/Sends.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Encompass
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class Sends : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> sendTypes;
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> SendTypes;
 
         public Sends(params Type[] sendTypes)
         {
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace Encompass
                 }
             }
 
-            this.sendTypes = new HashSet<Type>(sendTypes);
+            this.SendTypes = new HashSet<Type>(sendTypes);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Attributes/Writes.cs

@@ -8,33 +8,21 @@ namespace Encompass
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class, AllowMultiple = true)]
     public class Writes : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> writeTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        public Dictionary<Type, int> priorities = new Dictionary<Type, int>();
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> WriteTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        public readonly Dictionary<Type, int> Priorities = new Dictionary<Type, int>();
 
         public Writes(params Type[] writeTypes)
         {
             foreach (var writeType in writeTypes)
             {
-                var isComponent = writeType.GetInterfaces().Contains(typeof(IComponent));
-                if (!isComponent)
-                {
-                    throw new IllegalWriteTypeException("{0} must be a Component", writeType.Name);
-                }
-
-                this.writeTypes.Add(writeType);
+                WriteTypes.Add(writeType);
             }
         }
 
         public Writes(Type writeType, int priority)
         {
-            var isComponent = writeType.GetInterfaces().Contains(typeof(IComponent));
-            if (!isComponent)
-            {
-                throw new IllegalWriteTypeException("{0} must be a Component", writeType.Name);
-            }
-
-            writeTypes.Add(writeType);
-            priorities.Add(writeType, priority);
+            WriteTypes.Add(writeType);
+            Priorities.Add(writeType, priority);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Attributes/WritesImmediate.cs

@@ -1,26 +1,18 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
-using Encompass.Exceptions;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
     [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
     public class WritesImmediate : Attribute
     {
-        public readonly HashSet<Type> writeImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        public readonly HashSet<Type> WriteImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
 
         public WritesImmediate(params Type[] writeImmediateTypes)
         {
             foreach (var writeImmediateType in writeImmediateTypes)
             {
-                var isComponent = writeImmediateType.GetInterfaces().Contains(typeof(IComponent));
-                if (!isComponent)
-                {
-                    throw new IllegalWriteImmediateTypeException("{0} must be a Component", writeImmediateType.Name);
-                }
-
-                this.writeImmediateTypes.Add(writeImmediateType);
+                WriteImmediateTypes.Add(writeImmediateType);
             }
         }
     }

encompass-cs/Collections/ComponentBitSet.cs

@@ -6,49 +6,49 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class ComponentBitSet
     {
-        Dictionary<int, BitSet512> entities = new Dictionary<int, BitSet512>();
-        Dictionary<Type, int> TypeToIndex { get; }
+        private readonly Dictionary<int, BitSet512> _entities = new Dictionary<int, BitSet512>();
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, int> _typeToIndex;
 
         public ComponentBitSet(Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex)
         {
-            TypeToIndex = typeToIndex;
+            _typeToIndex = typeToIndex;
         }
 
         public void Clear()
         {
-            entities.Clear();
+            _entities.Clear();
         }
 
         public void AddEntity(int entityID)
         {
-            entities.Add(entityID, BitSet512.Zero);
+            _entities.Add(entityID, BitSet512.Zero);
         }
 
-        public void Set<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void Set<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (!entities.ContainsKey(entityID)) { AddEntity(entityID); }
-            entities[entityID] = entities[entityID].Set(TypeToIndex[typeof(TComponent)]);
+            if (!_entities.ContainsKey(entityID)) { AddEntity(entityID); }
+            _entities[entityID] = _entities[entityID].Set(_typeToIndex[typeof(TComponent)]);
         }
 
-        public void RemoveComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void RemoveComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (entities.ContainsKey(entityID))
+            if (_entities.ContainsKey(entityID))
             {
-                entities[entityID] = entities[entityID].UnSet(TypeToIndex[typeof(TComponent)]);
+                _entities[entityID] = _entities[entityID].UnSet(_typeToIndex[typeof(TComponent)]);
             }
         }
 
         public void RemoveEntity(int entityID)
         {
-            if (entities.ContainsKey(entityID))
+            if (_entities.ContainsKey(entityID))
             {
-                entities.Remove(entityID);
+                _entities.Remove(entityID);
             }
         }
 
         public BitSet512 EntityBitArray(int entityID)
         {
-            return entities.ContainsKey(entityID) ? entities[entityID] : BitSet512.Zero;
+            return _entities.ContainsKey(entityID) ? _entities[entityID] : BitSet512.Zero;
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Collections/ComponentDeltaStore.cs

@@ -3,39 +3,48 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
-    internal class ComponentDeltaStore : ComponentStore
+    internal class ComponentDeltaStore
     {
+        private readonly ComponentStore _store;
         private readonly Dictionary<Type, Replayer> _replayers = new Dictionary<Type, Replayer>();
         private readonly HashSet<Replayer> _currentReplayers = new HashSet<Replayer>();
 
         public IEnumerable<Replayer> CurrentReplayers { get { return _currentReplayers; } }
 
-        public ComponentDeltaStore(Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex) : base(typeToIndex)
+        public ComponentDeltaStore(Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex)
         {
+            _store = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
         }
 
-        public override void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>()
+        public void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            base.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+            _store.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
             if (!_replayers.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
                 _replayers.Add(typeof(TComponent), new Replayer<TComponent>(this));
             }
         }
 
-        public override void Set<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component)
+        public ref readonly TComponent GetComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            base.Set(entityID, component);
+            return ref _store.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
+        }
+
+        public void Set<TComponent>(int entityID, in TComponent component) where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            _store.Set(entityID, component);
+            RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
             var replayer = _replayers[typeof(TComponent)];
             _currentReplayers.Add(replayer);
             replayer.UnMarkRemoval(entityID);
         }
 
-        public override bool Set<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component, int priority)
+        public bool Set<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            var result = base.Set(entityID, component, priority);
+            var result = _store.Set(entityID, component, priority);
             if (result)
             {
+                RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
                 var replayer = _replayers[typeof(TComponent)];
                 _currentReplayers.Add(replayer);
                 replayer.UnMarkRemoval(entityID);
@@ -43,11 +52,12 @@ namespace Encompass
             return result;
         }
 
-        public override bool Remove<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority)
+        public bool Remove<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            var result = base.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
+            var result = _store.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
             if (result)
             {
+                RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
                 var replayer = _replayers[typeof(TComponent)];
                 _currentReplayers.Add(replayer);
                 replayer.MarkRemoval(entityID);
@@ -55,18 +65,23 @@ namespace Encompass
             return result;
         }
 
-        public override void Remove(int entityID)
+        public void Remove(int entityID)
         {
-            base.Remove(entityID);
+            _store.Remove(entityID);
             foreach (var replayer in CurrentReplayers)
             {
                 replayer.MarkRemoval(entityID);
             }
         }
 
-        public override void ClearAll()
+        public Span<Entity> AllEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            base.ClearAll();
+            return _store.AllEntities<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        public void ClearAll()
+        {
+            _store.ClearAll();
             foreach (var replayer in _currentReplayers)
             {
                 replayer.Clear();

encompass-cs/Collections/ComponentStore.cs

@@ -4,46 +4,42 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
-    internal class ComponentStore
+    internal sealed class ComponentStore
     {
-        private Dictionary<Type, TypedComponentStore> Stores = new Dictionary<Type, TypedComponentStore>(512);
+        private Dictionary<Type, TypedComponentStore> _stores = new Dictionary<Type, TypedComponentStore>(512);
         public ComponentBitSet ComponentBitSet { get; private set; }
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, int> _typeToIndex;
 
         public ComponentStore(Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex)
         {
+            _typeToIndex = typeToIndex;
             ComponentBitSet = new ComponentBitSet(typeToIndex);
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<(Type, TypedComponentStore)> StoresEnumerable()
+        public void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            foreach (var entry in Stores)
-            {
-                yield return (entry.Key, entry.Value);
-            }
-        }
-
-        public virtual void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            if (!Stores.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (!_stores.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
                 var store = new TypedComponentStore<TComponent>();
-                Stores.Add(typeof(TComponent), store);
+                _stores.Add(typeof(TComponent), store);
             }
+
+            if (!_typeToIndex.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent))) { _typeToIndex.Add(typeof(TComponent), _typeToIndex.Count); }
         }
 
-        private TypedComponentStore<TComponent> Lookup<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        private TypedComponentStore<TComponent> Lookup<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return Stores[typeof(TComponent)] as TypedComponentStore<TComponent>;
+            return _stores[typeof(TComponent)] as TypedComponentStore<TComponent>;
         }
 
-        public bool Has<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public bool Has<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
             return Lookup<TComponent>().Has(entityID);
         }
 
         public bool Has(Type type, int entityID)
         {
-            return Stores.ContainsKey(type) && Stores[type].Has(entityID);
+            return _stores[type].Has(entityID);
         }
 
         public BitSet512 EntityBitArray(int entityID)
@@ -51,18 +47,28 @@ namespace Encompass
             return ComponentBitSet.EntityBitArray(entityID);
         }
 
-        public TComponent Get<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public ref TComponent Get<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return Lookup<TComponent>().Get(entityID);
+            return ref Lookup<TComponent>().Get(entityID);
         }
 
-        public virtual void Set<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public ref readonly TComponent Singular<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return ref Lookup<TComponent>().Singular();
+        }
+
+        public ref readonly Entity SingularEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return ref Lookup<TComponent>().SingularEntity();
+        }
+
+        public void Set<TComponent>(int entityID, in TComponent component) where TComponent : struct
         {
             Lookup<TComponent>().Set(entityID, component);
             ComponentBitSet.Set<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
-        public virtual bool Set<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component, int priority) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public bool Set<TComponent>(int entityID, in TComponent component, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
             if (Lookup<TComponent>().Set(entityID, component, priority))
             {
@@ -72,7 +78,7 @@ namespace Encompass
             return false;
         }
 
-        public virtual bool Remove<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public bool Remove<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
             if (Lookup<TComponent>().Remove(entityID, priority))
             {
@@ -82,59 +88,53 @@ namespace Encompass
             return false;
         }
 
-        public void ForceRemove<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void ForceRemove<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
             Lookup<TComponent>().ForceRemove(entityID);
             ComponentBitSet.RemoveComponent<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
-        public virtual void Remove(int entityID)
+        public void Remove(int entityID)
         {
-            foreach (var entry in Stores.Values)
+            foreach (var entry in _stores.Values)
             {
                 entry.ForceRemove(entityID);
             }
             ComponentBitSet.RemoveEntity(entityID);
         }
 
-        public bool Any<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public bool Any<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
             return Lookup<TComponent>().Count > 0;
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<(int, Type, IComponent)> AllInterfaceTyped()
+        public Span<TComponent> All<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            foreach (var store in Stores.Values)
-            {
-                foreach (var thing in store.AllInterfaceTyped())
-                {
-                    yield return thing;
-                }
-            }
+            return Lookup<TComponent>().AllComponents();
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<(TComponent, int)> All<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public Span<Entity> AllEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return Lookup<TComponent>().All();
+            return Lookup<TComponent>().AllEntities();
         }
 
-        public void Clear<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void Clear<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
             Lookup<TComponent>().Clear();
         }
 
-        public virtual void ClearAllPriorities()
+        public void ClearAllPriorities()
         {
-            foreach (var store in Stores.Values)
+            foreach (var store in _stores.Values)
             {
                 store.ClearPriorities();
             }
         }
 
-        public virtual void ClearAll()
+        public void ClearAll()
         {
             ComponentBitSet.Clear();
-            foreach (var store in Stores.Values)
+            foreach (var store in _stores.Values)
             {
                 store.Clear();
             }
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public void SwapWith(ComponentStore other)
         {
-            (Stores, other.Stores) = (other.Stores, Stores);
+            (_stores, other._stores) = (other._stores, _stores);
             (ComponentBitSet, other.ComponentBitSet) = (other.ComponentBitSet, ComponentBitSet);
         }
 

encompass-cs/Collections/MessageStore.cs

@@ -5,40 +5,40 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class MessageStore
     {
-        private Dictionary<Type, TypedMessageStore> Stores = new Dictionary<Type, TypedMessageStore>(512);
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, TypedMessageStore> _stores = new Dictionary<Type, TypedMessageStore>(512);
 
         private void RegisterMessageType<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            Stores.Add(typeof(TMessage), new TypedMessageStore<TMessage>());
+            _stores.Add(typeof(TMessage), new TypedMessageStore<TMessage>());
         }
 
         private TypedMessageStore<TMessage> Lookup<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            if (!Stores.ContainsKey(typeof(TMessage))) { RegisterMessageType<TMessage>(); }
-            return Stores[typeof(TMessage)] as TypedMessageStore<TMessage>;
+            if (!_stores.ContainsKey(typeof(TMessage))) { RegisterMessageType<TMessage>(); }
+            return _stores[typeof(TMessage)] as TypedMessageStore<TMessage>;
         }
 
-        public void AddMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        public void AddMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
             Lookup<TMessage>().Add(message);
         }
 
-        public void AddMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        public void AddMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
             Lookup<TMessage>().Add(message, time);
         }
 
-        public void AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation<TMessage>(TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        public void AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation<TMessage>(in TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
             Lookup<TMessage>().AddIgnoringTimeDilation(message, time);
         }
 
-        public TMessage First<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        public ref readonly TMessage First<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            return Lookup<TMessage>().First();
+            return ref Lookup<TMessage>().First();
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<TMessage> All<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        public Span<TMessage> All<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
             return Lookup<TMessage>().All();
         }
@@ -53,6 +53,11 @@ namespace Encompass
             return Lookup<TMessage>().WithEntity(entityID);
         }
 
+        public ref readonly TMessage FirstWithEntity<TMessage>(int entityID) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        {
+            return ref Lookup<TMessage>().FirstWithEntity(entityID);
+        }
+
         public bool SomeWithEntity<TMessage>(int entityID) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
         {
             return Lookup<TMessage>().SomeWithEntity(entityID);
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public void ProcessDelayedMessages(double dilatedDelta, double realtimeDelta)
         {
-            foreach (var store in Stores.Values)
+            foreach (var store in _stores.Values)
             {
                 store.ProcessDelayedMessages(dilatedDelta, realtimeDelta);
             }
@@ -68,7 +73,7 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public void ClearAll()
         {
-            foreach (var store in Stores.Values)
+            foreach (var store in _stores.Values)
             {
                 store.Clear();
             }

encompass-cs/Collections/Replayer.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
-    internal abstract class Replayer 
+    internal abstract class Replayer
     {
         public abstract void Replay(ComponentStore store);
         public abstract void MarkRemoval(int entityID);
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         public abstract void Clear();
     }
 
-    internal class Replayer<TComponent> : Replayer where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+    internal class Replayer<TComponent> : Replayer where TComponent : struct
     {
         private readonly ComponentDeltaStore _deltaStore;
         private readonly HashSet<int> _removals = new HashSet<int>();
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public override void Replay(ComponentStore store)
         {
-            foreach (var (component, entityID) in _deltaStore.All<TComponent>())
+            foreach (ref readonly var entity in _deltaStore.AllEntities<TComponent>())
             {
-                store.Set(entityID, component);
+                ref readonly var component = ref _deltaStore.GetComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID);
+                store.Set(entity.ID, component);
             }
 
             foreach (var entityID in _removals)

encompass-cs/Collections/TypedComponentStore.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
     internal abstract class TypedComponentStore
     {
         public abstract int Count { get; }
-        public abstract IEnumerable<(int, Type, IComponent)> AllInterfaceTyped();
         public abstract bool Has(int entity);
         public abstract bool Remove(int entity, int priority);
         public abstract void ForceRemove(int entity);
@@ -14,43 +14,72 @@ namespace Encompass
         public abstract void ClearPriorities();
     }
 
-    internal class TypedComponentStore<TComponent> : TypedComponentStore where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+    internal class TypedComponentStore<TComponent> : TypedComponentStore where TComponent : struct
     {
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, TComponent> store = new Dictionary<int, TComponent>(128);
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, int> priorities = new Dictionary<int, int>(128);
+        private int _nextID = 0;
+        private readonly Dictionary<int, int> _entityIDToStorageIndex = new Dictionary<int, int>(128);
+        private readonly Dictionary<int, int> _priorities = new Dictionary<int, int>(128);
+        private Entity[] _storageIndexToEntities = new Entity[128];
+        private TComponent[] _components = new TComponent[128];
 
-        public override int Count { get => store.Count; }
+        public override int Count { get => _entityIDToStorageIndex.Count; }
 
-        public TComponent Get(int entityID)
+        public ref TComponent Get(int entityID)
         {
-            if (!store.ContainsKey(entityID)) { throw new Exceptions.NoComponentOfTypeOnEntityException("No component of type {0} exists on Entity with ID {1}", typeof(TComponent), entityID); }
-            return store[entityID];
+            if (!_entityIDToStorageIndex.ContainsKey(entityID)) { throw new Exceptions.NoComponentOfTypeOnEntityException("No component of type {0} exists on Entity with ID {1}", typeof(TComponent), entityID); }
+            return ref _components[_entityIDToStorageIndex[entityID]];
         }
 
-        public void Set(int entityID, TComponent component)
+        public ref TComponent Singular()
         {
-            store[entityID] = component;
+            return ref _components[0];
         }
 
-        public bool Set(int entityID, TComponent component, int priority)
+        public ref Entity SingularEntity()
         {
-            if (!priorities.ContainsKey(entityID) || priority < priorities[entityID])
+            return ref _storageIndexToEntities[0];
+        }
+
+        public void Set(int entityID, in TComponent component)
+        {
+            InternalSet(entityID, component);
+        }
+
+        public bool Set(int entityID, in TComponent component, int priority)
+        {
+            if (!_priorities.ContainsKey(entityID) || priority <= _priorities[entityID]) // if priorities are equal that means it's the same engine
             {
-                store[entityID] = component;
-                priorities[entityID] = priority;
+                InternalSet(entityID, component);
+                _priorities[entityID] = priority;
                 return true;
             }
 
             return false;
         }
 
+        private void InternalSet(int entityID, in TComponent component)
+        {
+            if (!_entityIDToStorageIndex.ContainsKey(entityID))
+            {
+                var index = _nextID++;
+                if (index >= _components.Length)
+                {
+                    System.Array.Resize(ref _components, _components.Length * 2);
+                    System.Array.Resize(ref _storageIndexToEntities, _storageIndexToEntities.Length * 2);
+                }
+                _entityIDToStorageIndex[entityID] = index;
+                _storageIndexToEntities[index] = new Entity(entityID);
+            }
+
+            _components[_entityIDToStorageIndex[entityID]] = component;
+        }
+
         public override bool Remove(int entityID, int priority)
         {
-            if (!priorities.ContainsKey(entityID) || priority < priorities[entityID])
+            if (!_priorities.ContainsKey(entityID) || priority <= _priorities[entityID]) // if priorities are equal that means it's the same engine
             {
-                priorities[entityID] = priority;
-                store.Remove(entityID);
-                priorities.Remove(entityID);
+                _priorities[entityID] = priority;
+                ForceRemove(entityID);
                 return true;
             }
 
@@ -59,40 +88,53 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public override void ForceRemove(int entityID)
         {
-            store.Remove(entityID);
-            priorities.Remove(entityID);
+            if (_entityIDToStorageIndex.ContainsKey(entityID))
+            {
+                var storageIndex = _entityIDToStorageIndex[entityID];
+                _entityIDToStorageIndex.Remove(entityID);
+                _priorities.Remove(entityID);
+
+                // move a component into the hole to maintain contiguous memory
+                if (_nextID > 1 && storageIndex != _nextID - 1)
+                {
+                    var lastStorageIndex = _nextID - 1;
+                    ref readonly var lastEntity = ref _storageIndexToEntities[lastStorageIndex];
+
+                    _entityIDToStorageIndex[lastEntity.ID] = storageIndex;
+                    _storageIndexToEntities[storageIndex] = lastEntity;
+                    _components[storageIndex] = _components[lastStorageIndex];
+
+                }
+
+                _nextID--;
+            }
         }
 
         public override bool Has(int entityID)
         {
-            return store.ContainsKey(entityID);
+            return _entityIDToStorageIndex.ContainsKey(entityID);
         }
 
         public override void Clear()
         {
-            store.Clear();
-            priorities.Clear();
+            _nextID = 0;
+            _entityIDToStorageIndex.Clear();
+            _priorities.Clear();
         }
 
         public override void ClearPriorities()
         {
-            priorities.Clear();
+            _priorities.Clear();
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<(TComponent, int)> All()
+        public Span<Entity> AllEntities()
         {
-            foreach (var kvp in store)
-            {
-                yield return (kvp.Value, kvp.Key);
-            }
+            return new Span<Entity>(_storageIndexToEntities, 0, _nextID);
         }
 
-        public override IEnumerable<(int, Type, IComponent)> AllInterfaceTyped()
+        public Span<TComponent> AllComponents()
         {
-            foreach (var kvp in store)
-            {
-                yield return (kvp.Key, typeof(TComponent), (IComponent)kvp.Value);
-            }
+            return new Span<TComponent>(_components, 0, _nextID);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Collections/TypedMessageStore.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Encompass
@@ -10,98 +11,117 @@ namespace Encompass
 
     internal class TypedMessageStore<TMessage> : TypedMessageStore where TMessage : struct, IMessage
     {
-        private readonly List<TMessage> store = new List<TMessage>(128);
-        private readonly List<(TMessage, double)> delayedStore = new List<(TMessage, double)>(128);
-        private readonly List<(TMessage, double)> delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation = new List<(TMessage, double)>(128);
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, List<TMessage>> entityToMessage = new Dictionary<int, List<TMessage>>();
+        // messages are placed in a contiguous region
+        // so we can return the collection as a Span
+        private int _nextIndex = 0;
+        private TMessage[] _store = new TMessage[128];
+        private readonly List<(TMessage, double)> _delayedStore = new List<(TMessage, double)>(128);
+        private readonly List<(TMessage, double)> _delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation = new List<(TMessage, double)>(128);
+        private readonly Dictionary<int, List<int>> _entityToIndices = new Dictionary<int, List<int>>();
 
         public override void ProcessDelayedMessages(double dilatedDelta, double realtimeDelta)
         {
-            for (int i = delayedStore.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            for (var i = _delayedStore.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
             {
-                var (message, time) = delayedStore[i];
+                var (message, time) = _delayedStore[i];
 
                 var updatedTime = time - dilatedDelta;
 
                 if (updatedTime <= 0)
                 {
                     Add(message);
-                    delayedStore.RemoveAt(i);
+                    _delayedStore.RemoveAt(i);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    delayedStore[i] = (message, updatedTime);
+                    _delayedStore[i] = (message, updatedTime);
                 }
             }
 
-            for (int i = delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            for (var i = _delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
             {
-                var (message, time) = delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation[i];
+                var (message, time) = _delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation[i];
 
                 var updatedTime = time - realtimeDelta;
 
                 if (updatedTime <= 0)
                 {
                     Add(message);
-                    delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation.RemoveAt(i);
+                    _delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation.RemoveAt(i);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation[i] = (message, updatedTime);
+                    _delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation[i] = (message, updatedTime);
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        public void Add(TMessage message)
+        public void Add(in TMessage message)
         {
-            store.Add(message);
+            var index = _nextIndex++;
+            if (index >= _store.Length)
+            {
+                Array.Resize(ref _store, _store.Length * 2);
+            }
+            _store[index] = message;
             if (message is IHasEntity entityMessage)
             {
                 var entityID = entityMessage.Entity.ID;
-                if (!entityToMessage.ContainsKey(entityID)) { entityToMessage.Add(entityID, new List<TMessage>()); }
-                entityToMessage[entityID].Add(message);
+                if (!_entityToIndices.ContainsKey(entityID)) { _entityToIndices.Add(entityID, new List<int>()); }
+                _entityToIndices[entityID].Add(index);
             }
         }
 
-        public void Add(TMessage message, double time)
+        public void Add(in TMessage message, double time)
         {
-            delayedStore.Add((message, time));
+            _delayedStore.Add((message, time));
         }
 
-        public void AddIgnoringTimeDilation(TMessage message, double time)
+        public void AddIgnoringTimeDilation(in TMessage message, double time)
         {
-            delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation.Add((message, time));
+            _delayedStoreIgnoringTimeDilation.Add((message, time));
         }
 
-        public TMessage First()
+        public ref readonly TMessage First()
         {
-            return store[0];
+            return ref _store[0];
         }
 
         public bool Any()
         {
-            return store.Count > 0;
+            return _nextIndex != 0;
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<TMessage> All()
+        public Span<TMessage> All()
         {
-            return store;
+            return new Span<TMessage>(_store, 0, _nextIndex);
         }
 
         public IEnumerable<TMessage> WithEntity(int entityID)
         {
-            return entityToMessage.ContainsKey(entityID) ? entityToMessage[entityID] : System.Linq.Enumerable.Empty<TMessage>();
+            if (_entityToIndices.ContainsKey(entityID))
+            {
+                foreach (var index in _entityToIndices[entityID])
+                {
+                    yield return _store[index];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public ref readonly TMessage FirstWithEntity(int entityID)
+        {
+            return ref _store[_entityToIndices[entityID][0]];
         }
 
         public bool SomeWithEntity(int entityID)
         {
-            return entityToMessage.ContainsKey(entityID) && entityToMessage[entityID].Count > 0;
+            return _entityToIndices.ContainsKey(entityID) && _entityToIndices[entityID].Count > 0;
         }
 
         public override void Clear()
         {
-            store.Clear();
-            foreach (var set in entityToMessage.Values)
+            _nextIndex = 0;
+            foreach (var set in _entityToIndices.Values)
             {
                 set.Clear();
             }

encompass-cs/ComponentManager.cs

@@ -1,272 +1,289 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using MoonTools.FastCollections;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class ComponentManager
     {
-        private readonly DrawLayerManager drawLayerManager;
+        private readonly DrawLayerManager _drawLayerManager;
 
-        private readonly ComponentStore existingComponentStore;
-        private readonly ComponentStore immediateComponentStore;
-        private readonly ComponentDeltaStore replayStore;
-        private ComponentStore upToDateComponentStore;
+        private readonly ComponentStore _existingComponentStore;
+        private readonly ComponentStore _immediateComponentStore;
+        private readonly ComponentDeltaStore _replayStore;
+        private readonly ComponentStore _upToDateComponentStore;
 
         public Dictionary<Type, int> TypeToIndex { get; }
 
-        private readonly HashSet<int> entitiesMarkedForRemoval = new HashSet<int>();
+        private readonly HashSet<int> _entitiesMarkedForRemoval = new HashSet<int>();
 
-        internal ComponentBitSet ImmediateBits { get { return immediateComponentStore.ComponentBitSet; } }
-        internal ComponentBitSet ExistingBits { get { return existingComponentStore.ComponentBitSet; } }
+        internal ComponentBitSet ImmediateBits { get { return _immediateComponentStore.ComponentBitSet; } }
+        internal ComponentBitSet ExistingBits { get { return _existingComponentStore.ComponentBitSet; } }
 
         public ComponentManager(DrawLayerManager drawLayerManager, Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex)
         {
-            this.drawLayerManager = drawLayerManager;
-            existingComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
-            immediateComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
-            replayStore = new ComponentDeltaStore(typeToIndex);
-            upToDateComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
+            this._drawLayerManager = drawLayerManager;
+            _existingComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
+            _immediateComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
+            _replayStore = new ComponentDeltaStore(typeToIndex);
+            _upToDateComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
             TypeToIndex = typeToIndex;
         }
 
-        public void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            existingComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
-            immediateComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
-            replayStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
-            upToDateComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+            _existingComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+            _immediateComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+            _replayStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+            _upToDateComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
         }
 
         internal void SetExistingComponentStore(ComponentStore componentStore)
         {
-            existingComponentStore.SwapWith(componentStore);
+            _existingComponentStore.SwapWith(componentStore);
         }
 
         internal void SetUpToDateComponentStore(ComponentStore componentStore)
         {
-            upToDateComponentStore.SwapWith(componentStore);
+            _upToDateComponentStore.SwapWith(componentStore);
         }
 
-        internal void RegisterDrawableComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component, int layer) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal void RegisterDrawableComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, int layer) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            drawLayerManager.RegisterComponentWithLayer(entityID, component, layer);
+            _drawLayerManager.RegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(entityID, layer);
         }
 
         internal void WriteComponents()
         {
-            existingComponentStore.UpdateUsing(replayStore);
-            existingComponentStore.ClearAllPriorities();
-            upToDateComponentStore.ClearAllPriorities();
-            immediateComponentStore.ClearAll();
-            replayStore.ClearAll();
+            _existingComponentStore.UpdateUsing(_replayStore);
+            _existingComponentStore.ClearAllPriorities();
+            _upToDateComponentStore.ClearAllPriorities();
+            _immediateComponentStore.ClearAll();
+            _replayStore.ClearAll();
         }
 
-        internal bool AddImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component, int priority) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal bool AddImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, in TComponent component, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (immediateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component, priority))
+            if (_immediateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component, priority))
             {
-                replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
-                upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
+                _replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
+                _upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
                 return true;
             }
 
             return false;
         }
 
-        internal void AddImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal void AddImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, in TComponent component) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            immediateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
-            replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
-            upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
+            _immediateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
+            _replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
+            _upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
         }
 
-        internal bool UpdateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component, int priority) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal bool UpdateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, in TComponent component, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            var result = upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component, priority);
+            var result = _upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component, priority);
             if (result)
             {
-                replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
+                _replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
             }
             return result;
         }
 
-        internal void AddComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal void AddComponent<TComponent>(int entityID, in TComponent component) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
-            replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
+            _upToDateComponentStore.Set(entityID, component);
+            _replayStore.Set(entityID, component);
         }
 
         // existing or immediate reads
 
-        internal IEnumerable<(TComponent, int)> ReadExistingAndImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal Span<TComponent> ReadExistingAndImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return upToDateComponentStore.All<TComponent>();
+            return _upToDateComponentStore.All<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        internal (TComponent, int) ReadFirstExistingOrImmediateComponentByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal ref readonly TComponent ExistingOrImmediateSingular<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (!SomeExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>()) { throw new Exceptions.NoComponentOfTypeException($"No Component with type {typeof(TComponent)} exists"); }
-            var enumerator = ReadExistingAndImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>().GetEnumerator();
-            enumerator.MoveNext();
-            return enumerator.Current;
+            return ref _upToDateComponentStore.Singular<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        internal bool SomeExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal Span<Entity> GetExistingAndImmediateEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return upToDateComponentStore.Any<TComponent>();
+            return _upToDateComponentStore.AllEntities<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        internal ref readonly Entity ExistingOrImmediateSingularEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return ref _upToDateComponentStore.SingularEntity<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        internal bool SomeExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return _upToDateComponentStore.Any<TComponent>();
         }
 
         // existing reads
 
-        internal (TComponent, int) ReadFirstExistingComponentByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal Span<TComponent> GetExistingComponents<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (!SomeExistingComponent<TComponent>()) { throw new Exceptions.NoComponentOfTypeException($"No Component with type {typeof(TComponent)} exists"); }
-            var enumerator = GetComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>().GetEnumerator();
-            enumerator.MoveNext();
-            return enumerator.Current;
+            return _existingComponentStore.All<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        internal bool SomeExistingComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal ref readonly TComponent ExistingSingular<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return existingComponentStore.Any<TComponent>();
+            return ref _existingComponentStore.Singular<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        internal Span<Entity> GetExistingEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return _existingComponentStore.AllEntities<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        internal ref readonly Entity ExistingSingularEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return ref _existingComponentStore.SingularEntity<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        internal bool SomeExistingComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return _existingComponentStore.Any<TComponent>();
         }
 
         // immediate reads
 
-        internal IEnumerable<(TComponent, int)> ReadImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal Span<TComponent> ReadImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return immediateComponentStore.All<TComponent>();
+            return _immediateComponentStore.All<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        internal (TComponent, int) ReadFirstImmediateComponentByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal ref readonly TComponent ImmediateSingular<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (!SomeImmediateComponent<TComponent>()) { throw new Exceptions.NoComponentOfTypeException($"No Component with type {typeof(TComponent)} exists"); }
-            var enumerator = ReadImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>().GetEnumerator();
-            enumerator.MoveNext();
-            return enumerator.Current;
+            return ref _immediateComponentStore.Singular<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        internal bool SomeImmediateComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal Span<Entity> GetImmediateEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return immediateComponentStore.Any<TComponent>();
+            return _immediateComponentStore.AllEntities<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        internal ref readonly Entity ImmediateSingularEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return ref _immediateComponentStore.SingularEntity<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        internal bool SomeImmediateComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
+        {
+            return _immediateComponentStore.Any<TComponent>();
         }
 
         // component getters
 
-        internal TComponent ReadImmediateOrExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal ref TComponent ReadImmediateOrExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return upToDateComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
+            return ref _upToDateComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
-        internal TComponent ReadExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal ref TComponent ReadExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return existingComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
+            return ref _existingComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
-        internal TComponent ReadImmediateComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal ref TComponent ReadImmediateComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return immediateComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
+            return ref _immediateComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
         // has checkers
 
-        internal bool HasExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal bool HasExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return upToDateComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
+            return _upToDateComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
         internal bool HasExistingOrImmediateComponent(int entityID, Type type)
         {
-            return upToDateComponentStore.Has(type, entityID);
+            return _upToDateComponentStore.Has(type, entityID);
         }
 
-        internal bool HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal bool HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return existingComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
+            return _existingComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
         internal bool HasExistingComponent(int entityID, Type type)
         {
-            return existingComponentStore.Has(type, entityID);
+            return _existingComponentStore.Has(type, entityID);
         }
 
-        internal bool HasImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal bool HasImmediateComponent<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return immediateComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
+            return _immediateComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
         internal bool HasImmediateComponent(int entityID, Type type)
         {
-            return immediateComponentStore.Has(type, entityID);
+            return _immediateComponentStore.Has(type, entityID);
         }
 
-        internal IEnumerable<(TComponent, int)> GetComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal Span<TComponent> GetComponentsByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return existingComponentStore.All<TComponent>();
+            return _existingComponentStore.All<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        internal IEnumerable<TComponent> GetComponentsByType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal ref readonly TComponent GetComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            foreach (var pair in existingComponentStore.All<TComponent>())
-            {
-                yield return pair.Item1;
-            }
+            return ref _existingComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
-        internal TComponent GetComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal bool EntityHasComponentOfType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            return existingComponentStore.Get<TComponent>(entityID);
-        }
-
-        internal bool EntityHasComponentOfType<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            return existingComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
+            return _existingComponentStore.Has<TComponent>(entityID);
         }
 
         internal void MarkAllComponentsOnEntityForRemoval(int entityID)
         {
-            entitiesMarkedForRemoval.Add(entityID);
+            _entitiesMarkedForRemoval.Add(entityID);
         }
 
         internal void RemoveMarkedComponents()
         {
-            foreach (var entityID in entitiesMarkedForRemoval)
+            foreach (var entityID in _entitiesMarkedForRemoval)
             {
-                existingComponentStore.Remove(entityID);
-                immediateComponentStore.Remove(entityID);
-                replayStore.Remove(entityID);
-                upToDateComponentStore.Remove(entityID);
-                drawLayerManager.UnRegisterEntityWithLayer(entityID);
+                _existingComponentStore.Remove(entityID);
+                _immediateComponentStore.Remove(entityID);
+                _replayStore.Remove(entityID);
+                _upToDateComponentStore.Remove(entityID);
+                _drawLayerManager.UnRegisterEntityWithLayer(entityID);
             }
 
-            entitiesMarkedForRemoval.Clear();
+            _entitiesMarkedForRemoval.Clear();
         }
 
-        public bool RemoveImmediate<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public bool RemoveImmediate<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (immediateComponentStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority))
+            if (_immediateComponentStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority))
             {
-                replayStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
-                upToDateComponentStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
-                drawLayerManager.UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(entityID);
+                _replayStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
+                _upToDateComponentStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
+                _drawLayerManager.UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(entityID);
                 return true;
             }
             return false;
         }
 
-        public void Remove<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void Remove<TComponent>(int entityID, int priority) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (upToDateComponentStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority))
+            if (_upToDateComponentStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority))
             {
-                replayStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
-                drawLayerManager.UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(entityID);
+                _replayStore.Remove<TComponent>(entityID, priority);
+                _drawLayerManager.UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(entityID);
             }
         }
 
         public bool UpToDateEntityIsEmpty(int entityID)
         {
-            return upToDateComponentStore.EntityBitArray(entityID).AllFalse();
+            return _upToDateComponentStore.EntityBitArray(entityID).AllFalse();
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/DrawLayerManager.cs

@@ -7,112 +7,126 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class DrawLayerManager
     {
-        private readonly SortedList<int, int> layerOrder = new SortedList<int, int>();
+        private readonly SortedList<int, int> _layerOrder = new SortedList<int, int>();
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, ComponentStore> layerIndexToComponentStore = new Dictionary<int, ComponentStore>(512);
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, HashSet<GeneralRenderer>> layerIndexToGeneralRenderers = new Dictionary<int, HashSet<GeneralRenderer>>(512);
+        private readonly Dictionary<int, Dictionary<Type, HashSet<int>>> _layerIndexToTypeToID = new Dictionary<int, Dictionary<Type, HashSet<int>>>();
+        private readonly Dictionary<int, HashSet<GeneralRenderer>> _layerIndexToGeneralRenderers = new Dictionary<int, HashSet<GeneralRenderer>>(512);
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<Type, Dictionary<int, int>> typeToEntityToLayer = new Dictionary<Type, Dictionary<int, int>>(512);
-        private Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex;
-        public IEnumerable<int> LayerOrder { get { return layerOrder.Values; } }
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, Dictionary<int, int>> _typeToEntityToLayer = new Dictionary<Type, Dictionary<int, int>>(512);
+        public IEnumerable<int> LayerOrder { get { return _layerOrder.Values; } }
 
-        public DrawLayerManager(Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex)
+        public DrawLayerManager()
         {
-            this.typeToIndex = typeToIndex;
             RegisterDrawLayer(0);
         }
 
         public void RegisterDrawLayer(int layer)
         {
-            if (!layerIndexToComponentStore.ContainsKey(layer))
+            if (!_layerIndexToTypeToID.ContainsKey(layer))
             {
-                layerOrder.Add(layer, layer);
-                layerIndexToGeneralRenderers.Add(layer, new HashSet<GeneralRenderer>());
-                layerIndexToComponentStore.Add(layer, new ComponentStore(typeToIndex));
+                _layerOrder.Add(layer, layer);
+                _layerIndexToGeneralRenderers.Add(layer, new HashSet<GeneralRenderer>());
+                _layerIndexToTypeToID.Add(layer, new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<int>>());
             }
         }
 
-        public void RegisterOrderedDrawable<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void RegisterOrderedDrawable<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (!typeToEntityToLayer.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (!_typeToEntityToLayer.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
-                typeToEntityToLayer.Add(typeof(TComponent), new Dictionary<int, int>(128));
+                _typeToEntityToLayer.Add(typeof(TComponent), new Dictionary<int, int>(128));
             }
 
-            foreach (var pair in layerIndexToComponentStore)
+            foreach (var pair in _layerIndexToTypeToID)
             {
-                pair.Value.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+                if (!pair.Value.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
+                {
+                    pair.Value.Add(typeof(TComponent), new HashSet<int>());
+                }
             }
         }
 
         public void RegisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(GeneralRenderer renderer, int layer)
         {
             RegisterDrawLayer(layer);
-            var set = layerIndexToGeneralRenderers[layer];
+            var set = _layerIndexToGeneralRenderers[layer];
             set.Add(renderer);
         }
 
-        public void UnregisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(GeneralRenderer renderer, int layer)
+        public void RegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(int entityID, int layer) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (layerIndexToGeneralRenderers.ContainsKey(layer))
-            {
-                layerIndexToGeneralRenderers[layer].Remove(renderer);
-            }
-        }
-
-        public void AdjustRendererLayer(GeneralRenderer renderer, int oldLayer, int newLayer)
-        {
-            UnregisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(renderer, oldLayer);
-            RegisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(renderer, newLayer);
-        }
-
-        public void RegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(int entityID, TComponent component, int layer) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            if (!layerIndexToComponentStore.ContainsKey(layer))
+            if (!_layerIndexToTypeToID.ContainsKey(layer))
             {
                 throw new UndefinedLayerException("Layer {0} is not defined. Use WorldBuilder.RegisterDrawLayer to register the layer.", layer);
             }
 
-            if (typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].ContainsKey(entityID)) { UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(entityID); }
+            if (_typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].ContainsKey(entityID))
+            {
+                if (_typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)][entityID] != layer)
+                {
+                    UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(entityID);
 
-            var set = layerIndexToComponentStore[layer];
-            set.Set<TComponent>(entityID, component);
+                    var set = _layerIndexToTypeToID[layer][typeof(TComponent)];
+                    set.Add(entityID);
 
-            typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].Add(entityID, layer);
+                    _typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].Add(entityID, layer);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var set = _layerIndexToTypeToID[layer][typeof(TComponent)];
+                set.Add(entityID);
+
+                _typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].Add(entityID, layer);
+            }
         }
 
-        public void UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void UnRegisterComponentWithLayer<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (!typeToEntityToLayer.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent))) { return; }
+            if (!_typeToEntityToLayer.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent))) { return; }
 
-            if (typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].ContainsKey(entityID))
+            if (_typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].ContainsKey(entityID))
             {
-                var layer = typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)][entityID];
-                layerIndexToComponentStore[layer].ForceRemove<TComponent>(entityID);
+                var layer = _typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)][entityID];
+                _layerIndexToTypeToID[layer][typeof(TComponent)].Remove(entityID);
             }
-            typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].Remove(entityID);
+            _typeToEntityToLayer[typeof(TComponent)].Remove(entityID);
         }
 
         public void UnRegisterEntityWithLayer(int entityID)
         {
-            foreach (var store in layerIndexToComponentStore.Values)
+            foreach (var store in _layerIndexToTypeToID.Values)
             {
-                store.Remove(entityID);
+                foreach (var typeToSet in store)
+                {
+                    var type = typeToSet.Key;
+                    var set = typeToSet.Value;
+
+                    if (set.Contains(entityID))
+                    {
+                        _typeToEntityToLayer[type].Remove(entityID);
+                        set.Remove(entityID);
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
 
         public IEnumerable<GeneralRenderer> GeneralRenderersByLayer(int layer)
         {
-            return layerIndexToGeneralRenderers.ContainsKey(layer) ?
-                layerIndexToGeneralRenderers[layer] :
+            return _layerIndexToGeneralRenderers.ContainsKey(layer) ?
+                _layerIndexToGeneralRenderers[layer] :
                 Enumerable.Empty<GeneralRenderer>();
         }
 
-        public IEnumerable<(int, Type, IComponent)> AllInLayer(int layer)
+        public IEnumerable<(int, Type)> AllInLayer(int layer)
         {
-            return layerIndexToComponentStore.ContainsKey(layer) ?
-                layerIndexToComponentStore[layer].AllInterfaceTyped() :
-                Enumerable.Empty<(int, Type, IComponent)>();
+            foreach (var kvp in _layerIndexToTypeToID[layer])
+            {
+                foreach (var id in kvp.Value)
+                {
+                    yield return (id, kvp.Key);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Engine.cs

@@ -14,104 +14,104 @@ namespace Encompass
     /// </summary>
     public abstract class Engine : IEquatable<Engine>
     {
-        internal Guid ID;
+        internal Guid _id;
 
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> readTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> readImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> sendTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> receiveTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> writeTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> writeImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> queryWithTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly HashSet<Type> queryWithoutTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
-        internal readonly Dictionary<Type, int> writePriorities = new Dictionary<Type, int>();
-        internal readonly int defaultWritePriority = 0;
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> ReadTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> ReadImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> SendTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> ReceiveTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> WriteTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> WriteImmediateTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> QueryWithTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly HashSet<Type> QueryWithoutTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        internal readonly Dictionary<Type, int> WritePriorities = new Dictionary<Type, int>();
+        internal readonly int DefaultWritePriority = 0;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// If false, the Engine will ignore time dilation.
         /// </summary>
-        internal bool usesTimeDilation = true;
-        public bool TimeDilationActive { get => usesTimeDilation && timeManager.TimeDilationActive; }
+        internal bool _usesTimeDilation = true;
+        public bool TimeDilationActive { get => _usesTimeDilation && _timeManager.TimeDilationActive; }
 
-        private EntityManager entityManager;
-        private MessageManager messageManager;
-        private ComponentManager componentManager;
-        private TimeManager timeManager;
-        private TrackingManager trackingManager;
+        private EntityManager _entityManager;
+        private MessageManager _messageManager;
+        private ComponentManager _componentManager;
+        private TimeManager _timeManager;
+        private TrackingManager _trackingManager;
 
-        private EntitySetQuery entityQuery;
+        private EntitySetQuery _entityQuery;
 
-        private HashSet<int> _trackedEntities = new HashSet<int>();
+        private readonly HashSet<int> _trackedEntities = new HashSet<int>();
         protected IEnumerable<Entity> TrackedEntities
         {
             get
             {
                 foreach (var entityID in _trackedEntities)
                 {
-                    yield return entityManager.GetEntity(entityID);
+                    yield return _entityManager.GetEntity(entityID);
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        private HashSet<int> _newlyCreatedEntities = new HashSet<int>();
+        private readonly HashSet<int> _newlyCreatedEntities = new HashSet<int>();
 
         protected Engine()
         {
-            ID = Guid.NewGuid();
+            _id = Guid.NewGuid();
 
             var sendsAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<Sends>(false);
             if (sendsAttribute != null)
             {
-                sendTypes = sendsAttribute.sendTypes;
+                SendTypes = sendsAttribute.SendTypes;
             }
 
             var activatesAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<WritesImmediate>(false);
             if (activatesAttribute != null)
             {
-                writeImmediateTypes = activatesAttribute.writeImmediateTypes;
+                WriteImmediateTypes = activatesAttribute.WriteImmediateTypes;
             }
 
             var defaultWritePriorityAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<DefaultWritePriority>(false);
 
             if (defaultWritePriorityAttribute != null)
             {
-                defaultWritePriority = defaultWritePriorityAttribute.writePriority;
+                DefaultWritePriority = defaultWritePriorityAttribute.WritePriority;
             }
 
             foreach (var writesAttribute in GetType().GetCustomAttributes<Writes>(false))
             {
-                writeTypes.UnionWith(writesAttribute.writeTypes);
-                writePriorities = new Dictionary<Type, int>[2] { writePriorities, writesAttribute.priorities }.SelectMany(dict => dict).ToDictionary(pair => pair.Key, pair => pair.Value);
+                WriteTypes.UnionWith(writesAttribute.WriteTypes);
+                WritePriorities = new Dictionary<Type, int>[2] { WritePriorities, writesAttribute.Priorities }.SelectMany(dict => dict).ToDictionary(pair => pair.Key, pair => pair.Value);
             }
 
             var receivesAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<Receives>(false);
             if (receivesAttribute != null)
             {
-                receiveTypes = receivesAttribute.receiveTypes;
+                ReceiveTypes = receivesAttribute.ReceiveTypes;
             }
 
             var readsAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<Reads>(false);
             if (readsAttribute != null)
             {
-                readTypes = readsAttribute.readTypes;
+                ReadTypes = readsAttribute.ReadTypes;
             }
 
             var readsImmediateAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<ReadsImmediate>(false);
             if (readsImmediateAttribute != null)
             {
-                readImmediateTypes = readsImmediateAttribute.readImmediateTypes;
+                ReadImmediateTypes = readsImmediateAttribute.ReadImmediateTypes;
             }
 
             var queryWithAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<QueryWith>(false);
             if (queryWithAttribute != null)
             {
-                queryWithTypes = queryWithAttribute.queryWithTypes;
+                QueryWithTypes = queryWithAttribute.QueryWithTypes;
             }
 
             var queryWithoutAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<QueryWithout>(false);
             if (queryWithoutAttribute != null)
             {
-                queryWithoutTypes = queryWithoutAttribute.queryWithoutTypes;
+                QueryWithoutTypes = queryWithoutAttribute.QueryWithoutTypes;
             }
         }
 
@@ -127,42 +127,42 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public bool Equals(Engine other)
         {
-            return other.ID == ID;
+            return other._id == _id;
         }
 
         public override int GetHashCode()
         {
-            return ID.GetHashCode();
+            return HashCode.Combine(_id);
         }
 
         internal void AssignEntityManager(EntityManager entityManager)
         {
-            this.entityManager = entityManager;
+            _entityManager = entityManager;
         }
 
         internal void AssignComponentManager(ComponentManager componentManager)
         {
-            this.componentManager = componentManager;
+            _componentManager = componentManager;
         }
 
         internal void AssignMessageManager(MessageManager messageManager)
         {
-            this.messageManager = messageManager;
+            _messageManager = messageManager;
         }
 
         internal void AssignTimeManager(TimeManager timeManager)
         {
-            this.timeManager = timeManager;
+            _timeManager = timeManager;
         }
 
         internal void AssignTrackingManager(TrackingManager trackingManager)
         {
-            this.trackingManager = trackingManager;
+            _trackingManager = trackingManager;
         }
 
         internal void CheckMessageRead<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            if (!receiveTypes.Contains(typeof(TMessage)))
+            if (!ReceiveTypes.Contains(typeof(TMessage)))
             {
                 throw new IllegalReadException("Engine {0} tried to read undeclared Message {1}", this.GetType().Name, typeof(TMessage).Name);
             }
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// </summary>
         protected Entity CreateEntity()
         {
-            var entity = entityManager.CreateEntity();
+            var entity = _entityManager.CreateEntity();
             _newlyCreatedEntities.Add(entity.ID);
             return entity;
         }
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns true if an Entity with the specified ID exists.
         /// </summary>
-        protected bool EntityExists(Entity entity)
+        protected bool EntityExists(in Entity entity)
         {
-            return entityManager.EntityExists(entity.ID);
+            return _entityManager.EntityExists(entity.ID);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -207,50 +207,52 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// </summary>
         protected bool EntityExists(int entityID)
         {
-            return entityManager.EntityExists(entityID);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Returns an Entity containing the specified Component type.
-        /// </summary>
-        protected Entity ReadEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            return entityManager.GetEntity(ReadComponentHelper<TComponent>().Item2);
+            return _entityManager.EntityExists(entityID);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns all Entities containing the specified Component type.
         /// </summary>
-        protected IEnumerable<Entity> ReadEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected Span<Entity> ReadEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            foreach (var pair in ReadComponentsHelper<TComponent>())
-            {
-                yield return entityManager.GetEntity(pair.Item2);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // these next two are for the ComponentMessageEmitter only
-
-        internal IEnumerable<TComponent> ReadComponentsFromWorld<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            return componentManager.GetComponentsByType<TComponent>();
-        }
-
-        private IEnumerable<(TComponent, int)> ReadComponentsHelper<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            var immediateRead = readImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
-            var existingRead = readTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
             if (existingRead && immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadExistingAndImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>();
+                return _componentManager.GetExistingAndImmediateEntities<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.GetComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>();
+                return _componentManager.GetExistingEntities<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>();
+                return _componentManager.GetImmediateEntities<TComponent>();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new IllegalReadException("Engine {0} tried to read undeclared Component {1}", GetType().Name, typeof(TComponent).Name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an Entity containing the specified Component type.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected ref readonly Entity ReadEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        {
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            if (existingRead && immediateRead)
+            {
+                return ref _componentManager.ExistingOrImmediateSingularEntity<TComponent>();
+            }
+            else if (existingRead)
+            {
+                return ref _componentManager.ExistingSingularEntity<TComponent>();
+            }
+            else if (immediateRead)
+            {
+                return ref _componentManager.ImmediateSingularEntity<TComponent>();
             }
             else
             {
@@ -261,40 +263,21 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns all of the Components with the specified Component Type.
         /// </summary>
-        protected IEnumerable<TComponent> ReadComponents<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected Span<TComponent> ReadComponents<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            foreach (var pair in ReadComponentsHelper<TComponent>())
-            {
-                yield return pair.Item1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Returns all of the components of the specified type including an Entity reference for each Component.
-        /// </summary>
-        protected IEnumerable<(TComponent, Entity)> ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            foreach (var (component, id) in ReadComponentsHelper<TComponent>())
-            {
-                yield return (component, entityManager.GetEntity(id));
-            }
-        }
-
-        private (TComponent, int) ReadComponentHelper<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            var immediateRead = readImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
-            var existingRead = readTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
             if (existingRead && immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadFirstExistingOrImmediateComponentByType<TComponent>();
+                return _componentManager.ReadExistingAndImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadFirstExistingComponentByType<TComponent>();
+                return _componentManager.GetExistingComponents<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadFirstImmediateComponentByType<TComponent>();
+                return _componentManager.ReadImmediateComponentsByType<TComponent>();
             }
             else
             {
@@ -305,38 +288,21 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <summary>
         /// Returns a Component with the specified Component Type. If multiples exist, an arbitrary Component is returned.
         /// </summary>
-        protected TComponent ReadComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected ref readonly TComponent ReadComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            return ReadComponentHelper<TComponent>().Item1;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Returns a component of the specified type including its Entity reference. If multiples exist, an arbitrary Component is returned.
-        /// </summary>
-        protected (TComponent, Entity) ReadComponentIncludingEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            var (component, id) = ReadComponentHelper<TComponent>();
-            return (component, entityManager.GetEntity(id));
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Returns true if any Component with the specified Component Type exists.
-        /// </summary>
-        protected bool SomeComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            var immediateRead = readImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
-            var existingRead = readTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
             if (existingRead && immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.SomeExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>();
+                return ref _componentManager.ExistingOrImmediateSingular<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.SomeExistingComponent<TComponent>();
+                return ref _componentManager.ExistingSingular<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.SomeImmediateComponent<TComponent>();
+                return ref _componentManager.ImmediateSingular<TComponent>();
             }
             else
             {
@@ -344,21 +310,46 @@ namespace Encompass
             }
         }
 
-        private TComponent GetComponentHelper<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns true if any Component with the specified Component Type exists.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected bool SomeComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            var immediateRead = readImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
-            var existingRead = readTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
             if (existingRead && immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadImmediateOrExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entityID);
+                return _componentManager.SomeExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entityID);
+                return _componentManager.SomeExistingComponent<TComponent>();
             }
             else if (immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.ReadImmediateComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entityID);
+                return _componentManager.SomeImmediateComponent<TComponent>();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new IllegalReadException("Engine {0} tried to read undeclared Component {1}", GetType().Name, typeof(TComponent).Name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private ref TComponent GetComponentHelper<TComponent>(int entityID) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        {
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            if (existingRead && immediateRead)
+            {
+                return ref _componentManager.ReadImmediateOrExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entityID);
+            }
+            else if (existingRead)
+            {
+                return ref _componentManager.ReadExistingComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entityID);
+            }
+            else if (immediateRead)
+            {
+                return ref _componentManager.ReadImmediateComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entityID);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -375,9 +366,9 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalReadException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that it reads the given Component Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected TComponent GetComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected ref readonly TComponent GetComponent<TComponent>(in Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            return GetComponentHelper<TComponent>(entity.ID);
+            return ref GetComponentHelper<TComponent>(entity.ID);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -386,22 +377,22 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalReadException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that is Reads the given Component Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected bool HasComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected bool HasComponent<TComponent>(in Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            var immediateRead = readImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
-            var existingRead = readTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent));
 
             if (immediateRead && existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.HasExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID);
+                return _componentManager.HasExistingOrImmediateComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID);
             }
             else if (existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID);
+                return _componentManager.HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID);
             }
             else if (immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.HasImmediateComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID);
+                return _componentManager.HasImmediateComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -415,22 +406,22 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalReadException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that is Reads the given Component Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected bool HasComponent(Entity entity, Type type)
+        protected bool HasComponent(in Entity entity, Type type)
         {
-            var immediateRead = readImmediateTypes.Contains(type);
-            var existingRead = readTypes.Contains(type);
+            var immediateRead = ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(type);
+            var existingRead = ReadTypes.Contains(type);
 
             if (immediateRead && existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.HasExistingOrImmediateComponent(entity.ID, type);
+                return _componentManager.HasExistingOrImmediateComponent(entity.ID, type);
             }
             else if (existingRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.HasExistingComponent(entity.ID, type);
+                return _componentManager.HasExistingComponent(entity.ID, type);
             }
             else if (immediateRead)
             {
-                return componentManager.HasImmediateComponent(entity.ID, type);
+                return _componentManager.HasImmediateComponent(entity.ID, type);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -444,37 +435,37 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalWriteException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that it Writes the given Component Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected void SetComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity, TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected void SetComponent<TComponent>(in Entity entity, in TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            var priority = writePriorities.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)) ? writePriorities[typeof(TComponent)] : defaultWritePriority;
+            var priority = WritePriorities.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)) ? WritePriorities[typeof(TComponent)] : DefaultWritePriority;
 
-            if (!writeTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (!WriteTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
                 throw new IllegalWriteException("Engine {0} tried to update undeclared Component {1}", GetType().Name, typeof(TComponent).Name);
             }
 
             bool written;
-            if (writeImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (WriteImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
-                written = componentManager.AddImmediateComponent(entity.ID, component, priority);
+                written = _componentManager.AddImmediateComponent(entity.ID, component, priority);
                 if (written)
                 {
-                    trackingManager.ImmediateUpdateTracking(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
+                    _trackingManager.ImmediateUpdateTracking(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
                 }
             }
             else
             {
-                written = componentManager.UpdateComponent(entity.ID, component, priority);
+                written = _componentManager.UpdateComponent(entity.ID, component, priority);
             }
 
-            if (!componentManager.HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID))
+            if (!_componentManager.HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID))
             {
-                trackingManager.RegisterAddition(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
+                _trackingManager.RegisterAddition(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
             }
 
             if (written && component is IDrawableComponent drawableComponent)
             {
-                componentManager.RegisterDrawableComponent(entity.ID, component, drawableComponent.Layer);
+                _componentManager.RegisterDrawableComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID, drawableComponent.Layer);
             }
         }
 
@@ -484,28 +475,28 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalWriteException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that it Writes the given Component Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected void AddComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity, TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected void AddComponent<TComponent>(in Entity entity, in TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
             if (!EntityCreatedThisFrame(entity.ID))
             {
                 throw new IllegalWriteException("AddComponent used on Entity that was not created in this context. Use SetComponent instead.");
             }
 
-            if (writeImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (WriteImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
-                componentManager.AddImmediateComponent(entity.ID, component);
-                trackingManager.ImmediateUpdateTracking(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
+                _componentManager.AddImmediateComponent(entity.ID, component);
+                _trackingManager.ImmediateUpdateTracking(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
             }
             else
             {
-                componentManager.AddComponent(entity.ID, component);
+                _componentManager.AddComponent(entity.ID, component);
             }
 
-            trackingManager.RegisterAddition(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
+            _trackingManager.RegisterAddition(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
 
             if (component is IDrawableComponent drawableComponent)
             {
-                componentManager.RegisterDrawableComponent(entity.ID, component, drawableComponent.Layer);
+                _componentManager.RegisterDrawableComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID, drawableComponent.Layer);
             }
         }
 
@@ -515,32 +506,32 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalSendException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that it Sends the Message Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected void SendMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        protected void SendMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            if (!sendTypes.Contains(typeof(TMessage)))
+            if (!SendTypes.Contains(typeof(TMessage)))
             {
                 throw new IllegalSendException("Engine {0} tried to send undeclared Message {1}", GetType().Name, typeof(TMessage).Name);
             }
 
-            messageManager.AddMessage(message);
+            _messageManager.AddMessage(message);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Sends a message after the specified number of seconds, respecting time dilation.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="time">The time in seconds that will elapse before the message is sent.</param>
-        protected void SendMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        protected void SendMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            messageManager.AddMessage(message, time);
+            _messageManager.AddMessage(message, time);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Sends a message after the specified number of seconds, ignoring time dilation.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="time">The time in seconds that will elapse before the message is sent.</param>
-        protected void SendMessageIgnoringTimeDilation<TMessage>(TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        protected void SendMessageIgnoringTimeDilation<TMessage>(in TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            messageManager.AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation(message, time);
+            _messageManager.AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation(message, time);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -549,10 +540,10 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalReadException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that it Receives the specified Message Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected IEnumerable<TMessage> ReadMessages<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        protected Span<TMessage> ReadMessages<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
             CheckMessageRead<TMessage>();
-            return messageManager.GetMessagesByType<TMessage>();
+            return _messageManager.GetMessagesByType<TMessage>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -561,10 +552,10 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <exception cref="Encompass.Exceptions.IllegalReadException">
         /// Thrown when the Engine does not declare that it Receives the specified Message Type.
         /// </exception>
-        protected TMessage ReadMessage<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        protected ref readonly TMessage ReadMessage<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
             CheckMessageRead<TMessage>();
-            return messageManager.First<TMessage>();
+            return ref _messageManager.First<TMessage>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -576,16 +567,16 @@ namespace Encompass
         protected bool SomeMessage<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
             CheckMessageRead<TMessage>();
-            return messageManager.Any<TMessage>();
+            return _messageManager.Any<TMessage>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Destroys the specified Entity. This also removes all of the Components associated with the Entity.
         /// Entity destruction takes place after all the Engines have been processed by World Update.
         /// </summary>
-        protected void Destroy(Entity entity)
+        protected void Destroy(in Entity entity)
         {
-            entityManager.MarkForDestroy(entity.ID);
+            _entityManager.MarkForDestroy(entity.ID);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -614,30 +605,30 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// Note that the Engine must Read the Component type that is being removed.
         /// If a Component with the specified type does not exist on the Entity, returns false and does not mutate the Entity.
         /// </summary>
-        protected void RemoveComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected void RemoveComponent<TComponent>(in Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            var priority = writePriorities.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)) ? writePriorities[typeof(TComponent)] : defaultWritePriority;
+            var priority = WritePriorities.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)) ? WritePriorities[typeof(TComponent)] : DefaultWritePriority;
 
-            if (!writeTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (!WriteTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
                 throw new IllegalWriteException("Engine {0} tried to remove undeclared Component {1}. Declare with Writes attribute.", GetType().Name, typeof(TComponent).Name);
             }
 
-            if (writeImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (WriteImmediateTypes.Contains(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
-                if (componentManager.RemoveImmediate<TComponent>(entity.ID, priority))
+                if (_componentManager.RemoveImmediate<TComponent>(entity.ID, priority))
                 {
-                    trackingManager.ImmediateUpdateTracking(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
+                    _trackingManager.ImmediateUpdateTracking(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
                 }
             }
             else
             {
-                componentManager.Remove<TComponent>(entity.ID, priority);
+                _componentManager.Remove<TComponent>(entity.ID, priority);
             }
 
-            if (componentManager.HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID))
+            if (_componentManager.HasExistingComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID))
             {
-                trackingManager.RegisterRemoval(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
+                _trackingManager.RegisterRemoval(entity.ID, typeof(TComponent));
             }
         }
 
@@ -652,7 +643,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="easeOutTime">The time that will elapse before time is fully undilated.</param>
         protected void ActivateTimeDilation(double factor, double easeInTime, double activeTime, double easeOutTime)
         {
-            timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, activeTime, easeOutTime);
+            _timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, activeTime, easeOutTime);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -667,7 +658,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="easeOutTime">The time that will elapse before time is fully undilated.</param>
         protected void ActivateTimeDilation(double factor, double easeInTime, System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeInFunction, double activeTime, double easeOutTime)
         {
-            timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, easeInFunction, activeTime, easeOutTime);
+            _timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, easeInFunction, activeTime, easeOutTime);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -682,7 +673,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="easeOutFunction">An easing function for the easing out of time dilation.</param>
         protected void ActivateTimeDilation(double factor, double easeInTime, double activeTime, double easeOutTime, System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeOutFunction)
         {
-            timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, activeTime, easeOutTime, easeOutFunction);
+            _timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, activeTime, easeOutTime, easeOutFunction);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -698,7 +689,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="easeOutFunction">An easing function for the easing out of time dilation.</param>
         protected void ActivateTimeDilation(double factor, double easeInTime, System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeInFunction, double activeTime, double easeOutTime, System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeOutFunction)
         {
-            timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, easeInFunction, activeTime, easeOutTime, easeOutFunction);
+            _timeManager.ActivateTimeDilation(factor, easeInTime, easeInFunction, activeTime, easeOutTime, easeOutFunction);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -707,38 +698,38 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <typeparam name="TMessage">The Message subtype.</typeparam>
         /// <param name="entity">The entity that all messages in the IEnumerable refer to.</param>
         /// <returns></returns>
-        protected IEnumerable<TMessage> ReadMessagesWithEntity<TMessage>(Entity entity) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
+        protected IEnumerable<TMessage> ReadMessagesWithEntity<TMessage>(in Entity entity) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
         {
             CheckMessageRead<TMessage>();
-            return messageManager.WithEntity<TMessage>(entity.ID);
+            return _messageManager.WithEntity<TMessage>(entity.ID);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Efficiently reads a single Message of a given type that references a given Entity.
         /// It is recommended to use this method in conjunction with SomeMessageWithEntity to prevent errors.
         /// </summary>
-        protected TMessage ReadMessageWithEntity<TMessage>(Entity entity) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
+        protected ref readonly TMessage ReadMessageWithEntity<TMessage>(in Entity entity) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
         {
             CheckMessageRead<TMessage>();
-            return messageManager.WithEntitySingular<TMessage>(entity.ID);
+            return ref _messageManager.WithEntitySingular<TMessage>(entity.ID);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Efficiently checks if any Message of a given type referencing a given Entity exists.
         /// </summary>
-        protected bool SomeMessageWithEntity<TMessage>(Entity entity) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
+        protected bool SomeMessageWithEntity<TMessage>(in Entity entity) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
         {
             CheckMessageRead<TMessage>();
-            return messageManager.SomeWithEntity<TMessage>(entity.ID);
+            return _messageManager.SomeWithEntity<TMessage>(entity.ID);
         }
 
         internal void CheckAndUpdateTracking(int entityID)
         {
-            if (_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && !entityQuery.CheckEntity(entityID, componentManager.ExistingBits))
+            if (_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && !_entityQuery.CheckEntity(entityID, _componentManager.ExistingBits))
             {
                 _trackedEntities.Remove(entityID);
             }
-            else if (!_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && entityQuery.CheckEntity(entityID, componentManager.ExistingBits))
+            else if (!_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && _entityQuery.CheckEntity(entityID, _componentManager.ExistingBits))
             {
                 _trackedEntities.Add(entityID);
             }
@@ -746,11 +737,11 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         internal void ImmediateCheckAndUpdateTracking(int entityID)
         {
-            if (_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && !entityQuery.ImmediateCheckEntity(entityID, componentManager.ImmediateBits, componentManager.ExistingBits))
+            if (_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && !_entityQuery.ImmediateCheckEntity(entityID, _componentManager.ImmediateBits, _componentManager.ExistingBits))
             {
                 _trackedEntities.Remove(entityID);
             }
-            else if (!_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && entityQuery.ImmediateCheckEntity(entityID, componentManager.ImmediateBits, componentManager.ExistingBits))
+            else if (!_trackedEntities.Contains(entityID) && _entityQuery.ImmediateCheckEntity(entityID, _componentManager.ImmediateBits, _componentManager.ExistingBits))
             {
                 _trackedEntities.Add(entityID);
             }
@@ -762,30 +753,34 @@ namespace Encompass
         internal void BuildEntityQuery()
         {
             var withMask = BitSet512.Zero;
-            foreach (var type in queryWithTypes)
+            foreach (var type in QueryWithTypes)
             {
-                withMask = withMask.Set(componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
+                if (!_componentManager.TypeToIndex.ContainsKey(type)) { _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Add(type, _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Count); }
+                withMask = withMask.Set(_componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
             }
 
             var withoutMask = BitSet512.Zero;
-            foreach (var type in queryWithoutTypes)
+            foreach (var type in QueryWithoutTypes)
             {
-                withoutMask = withoutMask.Set(componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
+                if (!_componentManager.TypeToIndex.ContainsKey(type)) { _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Add(type, _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Count); }
+                withoutMask = withoutMask.Set(_componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
             }
 
             var immediateMask = BitSet512.Zero;
-            foreach (var type in readImmediateTypes)
+            foreach (var type in ReadImmediateTypes)
             {
-                immediateMask = immediateMask.Set(componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
+                if (!_componentManager.TypeToIndex.ContainsKey(type)) { _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Add(type, _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Count); }
+                immediateMask = immediateMask.Set(_componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
             }
 
             var existingMask = BitSet512.Zero;
-            foreach (var type in readTypes)
+            foreach (var type in ReadTypes)
             {
-                existingMask = existingMask.Set(componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
+                if (!_componentManager.TypeToIndex.ContainsKey(type)) { _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Add(type, _componentManager.TypeToIndex.Count); }
+                existingMask = existingMask.Set(_componentManager.TypeToIndex[type]);
             }
 
-            entityQuery = new EntitySetQuery(
+            _entityQuery = new EntitySetQuery(
                 withMask & immediateMask,
                 withMask & existingMask,
                 withoutMask & immediateMask,

encompass-cs/Engines/Spawner.cs

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ namespace Encompass
             var readsAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<Reads>(false);
             if (readsAttribute != null)
             {
-                readsAttribute.readTypes.Add(typeof(TMessage));
+                readsAttribute.ReadTypes.Add(typeof(TMessage));
             }
 
-            receiveTypes.Add(typeof(TMessage));
+            ReceiveTypes.Add(typeof(TMessage));
         }
 
         public override void Update(double dt)

encompass-cs/Entity.cs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public override int GetHashCode()
         {
-            return ID.GetHashCode();
+            return HashCode.Combine(ID);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/EntityManager.cs

@@ -5,48 +5,48 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class EntityManager
     {
-        private readonly int entityCapacity;
-        private readonly IDManager idManager = new IDManager();
-        private readonly HashSet<int> IDs = new HashSet<int>();
+        private readonly int _entityCapacity;
+        private readonly IDManager _idManager = new IDManager();
+        private readonly HashSet<int> _ids = new HashSet<int>();
 
-        private readonly HashSet<int> entitiesMarkedForDestroy = new HashSet<int>();
+        private readonly HashSet<int> _entitiesMarkedForDestroy = new HashSet<int>();
 
-        private readonly ComponentManager componentManager;
+        private readonly ComponentManager _componentManager;
 
         public IEnumerable<int> EntityIDs
         {
-            get { return IDs; }
+            get { return _ids; }
         }
 
         public EntityManager(ComponentManager componentManager, int entityCapacity)
         {
-            this.componentManager = componentManager;
-            this.entityCapacity = entityCapacity;
+            _componentManager = componentManager;
+            _entityCapacity = entityCapacity;
         }
 
         private int NextID()
         {
-            return idManager.NextID();
+            return _idManager.NextID();
         }
 
         public Entity CreateEntity()
         {
-            if (IDs.Count < entityCapacity)
+            if (_ids.Count < _entityCapacity)
             {
                 var id = NextID();
                 var entity = new Entity(id);
-                IDs.Add(id);
+                _ids.Add(id);
                 return entity;
             }
             else
             {
-                throw new EntityOverflowException("The number of entities has exceeded the entity capacity of {0}", entityCapacity);
+                throw new EntityOverflowException("The number of entities has exceeded the entity capacity of {0}", _entityCapacity);
             }
         }
 
         public bool EntityExists(int id)
         {
-            return IDs.Contains(id);
+            return _ids.Contains(id);
         }
 
         public Entity GetEntity(int id)
@@ -61,20 +61,20 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public void MarkForDestroy(int entityID)
         {
-            entitiesMarkedForDestroy.Add(entityID);
+            _entitiesMarkedForDestroy.Add(entityID);
         }
 
         public void DestroyMarkedEntities(IEnumerable<Engine> engines)
         {
-            foreach (var entityID in entitiesMarkedForDestroy)
+            foreach (var entityID in _entitiesMarkedForDestroy)
             {
                 foreach (var engine in engines) { engine.RegisterDestroyedEntity(entityID); }
-                componentManager.MarkAllComponentsOnEntityForRemoval(entityID);
-                IDs.Remove(entityID);
-                idManager.Free(entityID);
+                _componentManager.MarkAllComponentsOnEntityForRemoval(entityID);
+                _ids.Remove(entityID);
+                _idManager.Free(entityID);
             }
 
-            entitiesMarkedForDestroy.Clear();
+            _entitiesMarkedForDestroy.Clear();
         }
 
         // NOTE: this is very suboptimal
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         {
             foreach (var id in EntityIDs)
             {
-                if (componentManager.UpToDateEntityIsEmpty(id))
+                if (_componentManager.UpToDateEntityIsEmpty(id))
                 {
                     MarkForDestroy(id);
                 }

encompass-cs/Exceptions/IllegalReadTypeException.cs

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace Encompass.Exceptions
-{
-    public class IllegalReadTypeException : Exception
-    {
-        public IllegalReadTypeException(
-            string format,
-            params object[] args
-        ) : base(string.Format(format, args)) { }
-    }
-}

encompass-cs/IComponent.cs

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-namespace Encompass
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Structs that implement IComponent are considered to be Components.
-    /// </summary>
-    public interface IComponent { }
-}

encompass-cs/IDManager.cs

@@ -4,25 +4,25 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class IDManager
     {
-        int nextID = 0;
+        int _nextID = 0;
 
-        private Stack<int> availableIDs = new Stack<int>();
+        private readonly Stack<int> _availableIDs = new Stack<int>();
 
         public int NextID()
         {
-            if (availableIDs.Count > 0)
+            if (_availableIDs.Count > 0)
             {
-                return availableIDs.Pop();
+                return _availableIDs.Pop();
             }
             else
             {
-                return nextID++;
+                return _nextID++;
             }
         }
 
-        public void Free(int ID)
+        public void Free(int id)
         {
-            availableIDs.Push(ID);
+            _availableIDs.Push(id);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Interfaces/IComponent.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+namespace Encompass
+{
+    public interface IComponent { }
+}

encompass-cs/Interfaces/IDrawableComponent.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     public interface IDrawableComponent
     {
-        int Layer { get; set; }
+        int Layer { get; }
     }
-}
+}

encompass-cs/MessageManager.cs

@@ -1,72 +1,71 @@
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class MessageManager
     {
-        private readonly TimeManager timeManager;
-        private readonly MessageStore messageStore = new MessageStore();
+        private readonly TimeManager _timeManager;
+        private readonly MessageStore _messageStore = new MessageStore();
 
         public MessageManager(TimeManager timeManager)
         {
-            this.timeManager = timeManager;
+            _timeManager = timeManager;
         }
 
-        internal void AddMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        internal void AddMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            messageStore.AddMessage(message);
+            _messageStore.AddMessage(message);
         }
 
-        internal void AddMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        internal void AddMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            messageStore.AddMessage(message, time);
+            _messageStore.AddMessage(message, time);
         }
 
-        internal void AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation<TMessage>(TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        internal void AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation<TMessage>(in TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            messageStore.AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation(message, time);
+            _messageStore.AddMessageIgnoringTimeDilation(message, time);
         }
 
         internal void ClearMessages()
         {
-            messageStore.ClearAll();
+            _messageStore.ClearAll();
         }
 
         internal void ProcessDelayedMessages(double dt)
         {
-            messageStore.ProcessDelayedMessages(dt * timeManager.TimeDilationFactor, dt);
+            _messageStore.ProcessDelayedMessages(dt * _timeManager.TimeDilationFactor, dt);
         }
 
-        internal IEnumerable<TMessage> GetMessagesByType<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        internal Span<TMessage> GetMessagesByType<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            return messageStore.All<TMessage>();
+            return _messageStore.All<TMessage>();
         }
 
         internal bool Any<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            return messageStore.Any<TMessage>();
+            return _messageStore.Any<TMessage>();
         }
 
-        internal TMessage First<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        internal ref readonly TMessage First<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            return messageStore.First<TMessage>();
+            return ref _messageStore.First<TMessage>();
         }
 
         internal IEnumerable<TMessage> WithEntity<TMessage>(int entityID) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
         {
-            return messageStore.WithEntity<TMessage>(entityID);
+            return _messageStore.WithEntity<TMessage>(entityID);
         }
 
-        internal TMessage WithEntitySingular<TMessage>(int entityID) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
+        internal ref readonly TMessage WithEntitySingular<TMessage>(int entityID) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
         {
-            var enumerator = messageStore.WithEntity<TMessage>(entityID).GetEnumerator();
-            enumerator.MoveNext();
-            return enumerator.Current;
+            return ref _messageStore.FirstWithEntity<TMessage>(entityID);
         }
 
         internal bool SomeWithEntity<TMessage>(int entityID) where TMessage : struct, IMessage, IHasEntity
         {
-            return messageStore.SomeWithEntity<TMessage>(entityID);
+            return _messageStore.SomeWithEntity<TMessage>(entityID);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/RenderManager.cs

@@ -5,40 +5,40 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class RenderManager
     {
-        private readonly EntityManager entityManager;
-        private readonly DrawLayerManager drawLayerManager;
+        private readonly EntityManager _entityManager;
+        private readonly DrawLayerManager _drawLayerManager;
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<Type, Action<Entity, IComponent>> drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer = new Dictionary<Type, Action<Entity, IComponent>>(256);
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, Action<Entity>> _drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer = new Dictionary<Type, Action<Entity>>(256);
 
         public RenderManager(EntityManager entityManager, DrawLayerManager drawLayerManager)
         {
-            this.entityManager = entityManager;
-            this.drawLayerManager = drawLayerManager;
+            _entityManager = entityManager;
+            _drawLayerManager = drawLayerManager;
         }
 
-        public void RegisterOrderedRenderer<TComponent>(Action<Entity, IComponent> renderAction) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void RegisterOrderedRenderer<TComponent>(Action<Entity> renderAction) where TComponent : struct
         {
-            drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer.Add(typeof(TComponent), renderAction);
-            drawLayerManager.RegisterOrderedDrawable<TComponent>();
+            _drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer.Add(typeof(TComponent), renderAction);
+            _drawLayerManager.RegisterOrderedDrawable<TComponent>();
         }
 
         public void RegisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(GeneralRenderer renderer, int layer)
         {
-            drawLayerManager.RegisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(renderer, layer);
+            _drawLayerManager.RegisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(renderer, layer);
         }
 
         public void Draw()
         {
-            foreach (var layer in drawLayerManager.LayerOrder)
+            foreach (var layer in _drawLayerManager.LayerOrder)
             {
-                var generalRendererSet = drawLayerManager.GeneralRenderersByLayer(layer);
+                var generalRendererSet = _drawLayerManager.GeneralRenderersByLayer(layer);
 
-                foreach (var (entityID, componentType, component) in drawLayerManager.AllInLayer(layer))
+                foreach (var (entityID, componentType) in _drawLayerManager.AllInLayer(layer))
                 {
-                    if (drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer.ContainsKey(componentType))
+                    if (_drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer.ContainsKey(componentType))
                     {
-                        var internalRenderAction = drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer[componentType];
-                        internalRenderAction(entityManager.GetEntity(entityID), component);
+                        var internalRenderAction = _drawComponentTypeToOrderedRenderer[componentType];
+                        internalRenderAction(_entityManager.GetEntity(entityID));
                     }
                 }
 

encompass-cs/Renderer.cs

@@ -1,75 +1,56 @@
-using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
     public abstract class Renderer
     {
-        internal EntityManager entityManager;
-        internal ComponentManager componentManager;
+        internal EntityManager _entityManager;
+        internal ComponentManager _componentManager;
 
         internal void AssignEntityManager(EntityManager entityManager)
         {
-            this.entityManager = entityManager;
+            _entityManager = entityManager;
         }
 
         internal void AssignComponentManager(ComponentManager componentManager)
         {
-            this.componentManager = componentManager;
+            _componentManager = componentManager;
         }
 
-        protected IEnumerable<Entity> ReadEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected Span<Entity> ReadEntities<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            foreach (var pair in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>())
-            {
-                yield return pair.Item2;
-            }
+            return _componentManager.GetExistingEntities<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        protected Entity ReadEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected ref readonly Entity ReadEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            return ReadComponentIncludingEntity<TComponent>().Item2;
+            return ref _componentManager.ExistingSingularEntity<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        protected IEnumerable<TComponent> ReadComponents<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected Span<TComponent> ReadComponents<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            return componentManager.GetComponentsByType<TComponent>();
+            return _componentManager.GetComponentsByType<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        protected IEnumerable<(TComponent, Entity)> ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected ref readonly TComponent ReadComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            foreach (var (component, id) in componentManager.GetComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>())
-            {
-                yield return (component, entityManager.GetEntity(id));
-            }
+            return ref _componentManager.ExistingSingular<TComponent>();
         }
 
-        protected TComponent ReadComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        protected ref readonly TComponent GetComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            var enumerator = ReadComponents<TComponent>().GetEnumerator();
-            enumerator.MoveNext();
-            return enumerator.Current;
-        }
-
-        protected (TComponent, Entity) ReadComponentIncludingEntity<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            var enumerator = ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<TComponent>().GetEnumerator();
-            enumerator.MoveNext();
-            return enumerator.Current;
-        }
-
-        protected TComponent GetComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
-        {
-            return componentManager.GetComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entity.ID);
+            return ref _componentManager.GetComponentByEntityAndType<TComponent>(entity.ID);
         }
 
         protected bool HasComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            return componentManager.EntityHasComponentOfType<TComponent>(entity.ID);
+            return _componentManager.EntityHasComponentOfType<TComponent>(entity.ID);
         }
 
         protected bool SomeComponent<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
         {
-            return componentManager.SomeExistingComponent<TComponent>();
+            return _componentManager.SomeExistingComponent<TComponent>();
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/Renderers/OrderedRenderer.cs

@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ namespace Encompass
     /// </summary>
     public abstract class OrderedRenderer<TComponent> : Renderer where TComponent : struct, IComponent, IDrawableComponent
     {
-        public abstract void Render(Entity entity, TComponent drawComponent);
+        public abstract void Render(Entity entity, in TComponent drawComponent);
 
-        internal void InternalRender(Entity entity, IComponent component)
+        internal void InternalRender(Entity entity)
         {
-            Render(entity, (TComponent)component);
+            ref readonly var component = ref GetComponent<TComponent>(entity);
+            Render(entity, component);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/TimeDilationData.cs

@@ -1,35 +1,56 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Encompass
 {
     internal struct TimeDilationData
     {
-        public double elapsedTime;
-        public double easeInTime;
-        public System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeInFunction;
-        public double activeTime;
-        public double easeOutTime;
-        public System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeOutFunction;
-        public double factor;
+        private readonly double _factor;
 
         public double Factor
         {
             get
             {
-                if (elapsedTime < easeInTime)
+                if (ElapsedTime < EaseInTime)
                 {
-                    return easeInFunction(elapsedTime, 1, factor - 1, easeInTime);
+                    return EaseInFunction(ElapsedTime, 1, _factor - 1, EaseInTime);
                 }
-                else if (elapsedTime < easeInTime + activeTime)
+                else if (ElapsedTime < EaseInTime + ActiveTime)
                 {
-                    return factor;
+                    return _factor;
                 }
-                else if (elapsedTime < easeInTime + activeTime + easeOutTime)
+                else if (ElapsedTime < EaseInTime + ActiveTime + EaseOutTime)
                 {
-                    var elapsedOutTime = elapsedTime - easeInTime - activeTime;
-                    return easeOutFunction(elapsedOutTime, factor, 1 - factor, easeOutTime);
+                    var elapsedOutTime = ElapsedTime - EaseInTime - ActiveTime;
+                    return EaseOutFunction(elapsedOutTime, _factor, 1 - _factor, EaseOutTime);
                 }
 
                 return 1;
             }
         }
+
+        public double ElapsedTime { get; set; }
+        public double EaseInTime { get; }
+        public Func<double, double, double, double, double> EaseInFunction { get; }
+        public double ActiveTime { get; }
+        public double EaseOutTime { get; }
+        public Func<double, double, double, double, double> EaseOutFunction { get; }
+
+        public TimeDilationData(
+            double factor,
+            double easeInTime,
+            Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeInfunction,
+            double activeTime,
+            double easeOutTime,
+            Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeOutFunction
+        )
+        {
+            _factor = factor;
+            EaseInTime = easeInTime;
+            EaseInFunction = easeInfunction;
+            ActiveTime = activeTime;
+            EaseOutTime = easeOutTime;
+            EaseOutFunction = easeOutFunction;
+            ElapsedTime = 0;
+        }
     }
-}
+}

encompass-cs/TimeManager.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class TimeManager
     {
-        private readonly List<TimeDilationData> timeDilationDatas = new List<TimeDilationData>(32);
+        private readonly List<TimeDilationData> _timeDilationDatas = new List<TimeDilationData>(32);
 
         private double Linear(double t, double b, double c, double d)
         {
@@ -15,36 +15,36 @@ namespace Encompass
         {
             get
             {
-                if (timeDilationDatas.Count == 0) { return 1; }
+                if (_timeDilationDatas.Count == 0) { return 1; }
                 var average = 0.0;
-                foreach (var data in timeDilationDatas)
+                foreach (var data in _timeDilationDatas)
                 {
                     average += data.Factor;
                 }
-                return average / timeDilationDatas.Count;
+                return average / _timeDilationDatas.Count;
             }
         }
 
         public bool TimeDilationActive
         {
-            get => timeDilationDatas.Count != 0;
+            get => _timeDilationDatas.Count != 0;
         }
 
         public void Update(double dt)
         {
-            for (var i = timeDilationDatas.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            for (var i = _timeDilationDatas.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
             {
-                var data = timeDilationDatas[i];
+                var data = _timeDilationDatas[i];
 
-                data.elapsedTime += dt;
+                data.ElapsedTime += dt;
 
-                if (data.elapsedTime > data.easeInTime + data.activeTime + data.easeOutTime)
+                if (data.ElapsedTime > data.EaseInTime + data.ActiveTime + data.EaseOutTime)
                 {
-                    timeDilationDatas.RemoveAt(i);
+                    _timeDilationDatas.RemoveAt(i);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    timeDilationDatas[i] = data;
+                    _timeDilationDatas[i] = data;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -66,16 +66,15 @@ namespace Encompass
 
         public void ActivateTimeDilation(double factor, double easeInTime, System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeInFunction, double activeTime, double easeOutTime, System.Func<double, double, double, double, double> easeOutFunction)
         {
-            timeDilationDatas.Add(new TimeDilationData
-            {
-                elapsedTime = 0,
-                easeInTime = easeInTime,
-                easeInFunction = easeInFunction,
-                activeTime = activeTime,
-                easeOutTime = easeOutTime,
-                easeOutFunction = easeOutFunction,
-                factor = factor
-            });
+            _timeDilationDatas.Add(new TimeDilationData
+            (
+                factor,
+                easeInTime,
+                easeInFunction,
+                activeTime,
+                easeOutTime,
+                easeOutFunction
+            ));
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/TrackingManager.cs

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class TrackingManager
     {
-        private Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>> _immediateComponentTypesToEngines = new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>>();
-        private Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>> _componentTypesToEngines = new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>>();
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>> _immediateComponentTypesToEngines = new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>>();
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>> _componentTypesToEngines = new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>>();
 
-        private HashSet<(int, Type)> _additions = new HashSet<(int, Type)>();
-        private HashSet<(int, Type)> _removals = new HashSet<(int, Type)>();
+        private readonly HashSet<(int, Type)> _additions = new HashSet<(int, Type)>();
+        private readonly HashSet<(int, Type)> _removals = new HashSet<(int, Type)>();
 
-        private HashSet<(int, Engine)> _pairsToCheck = new HashSet<(int, Engine)>();
+        private readonly HashSet<(int, Engine)> _pairsToCheck = new HashSet<(int, Engine)>();
 
         public void RegisterComponentTypeToEngine(Type type, Engine engine)
         {

encompass-cs/UberEngine.cs

@@ -2,23 +2,24 @@
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Encompass
 {
     internal class UberEngine : Engine
     {
-        private IEnumerable<Type> _componentTypes;
-        private IEnumerable<Type> _messageTypes;
+        private readonly IEnumerable<Type> _componentTypes;
+        private readonly IEnumerable<Type> _messageTypes;
         public Entity Entity { get; private set; }
 
         public UberEngine(IEnumerable<Type> componentTypes, IEnumerable<Type> messageTypes)
         {
             _componentTypes = componentTypes;
             _messageTypes = messageTypes;
-            readTypes.UnionWith(componentTypes);
-            writeTypes.UnionWith(componentTypes);
-            sendTypes.UnionWith(messageTypes);
-            receiveTypes.UnionWith(messageTypes);
+            ReadTypes.UnionWith(componentTypes);
+            WriteTypes.UnionWith(componentTypes);
+            SendTypes.UnionWith(messageTypes);
+            ReceiveTypes.UnionWith(messageTypes);
         }
 
         public void Write()
@@ -39,17 +40,15 @@ namespace Encompass
             foreach (var type in _componentTypes)
             {
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponent", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponentIncludingEntity", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponents", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponentsIncludingEntity", null);
+                CallGenericWrappedMethod(type, "ReadComponentsWrapper", null);
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadEntity", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadEntities", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "GetComponent", new Type[] { typeof(Entity) }, new object[] { Entity });
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "HasComponent", new Type[] { typeof(Entity) }, new object[] { Entity });
+                CallGenericWrappedMethod(type, "ReadEntitiesWrapper", null);
+                CallGenericMethod(type, "GetComponent", new object[] { Entity });
+                CallGenericMethod(type, "HasComponent", 1, new object[] { Entity });
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "SomeComponent", null);
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "DestroyWith", null);
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "DestroyAllWith", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "RemoveComponent", new Type[] { typeof(Entity) }, new object[] { Entity });
+                CallGenericMethod(type, "RemoveComponent", new object[] { Entity });
             }
 
             foreach (var type in _messageTypes)
@@ -58,20 +57,49 @@ namespace Encompass
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "SendMessage", 1, new object[] { Activator.CreateInstance(type) });
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "SendMessage", 2, new object[] { Activator.CreateInstance(type), 1 });
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadMessage", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadMessages", null);
+
+                CallGenericWrappedMethod(type, "ReadMessagesWrapper", null);
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "SomeMessage", null);
                 if (typeof(IHasEntity).IsAssignableFrom(type))
                 {
-                    CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadMessagesWithEntity", new Type[] { typeof(Entity) }, new object[] { Entity });
+                    CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadMessagesWithEntity", new object[] { Entity });
+                    CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadMessageWithEntity", new object[] { Entity });
+                    CallGenericMethod(type, "SomeMessageWithEntity", new object[] { Entity });
                 }
             }
         }
 
+        // we can't reflect invoke on Span returns right now... so we have non-return wrapper methods
+
+        protected void ReadComponentsWrapper<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        {
+            ReadComponents<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        protected void ReadMessagesWrapper<TMessage>() where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        {
+            ReadMessages<TMessage>();
+        }
+
+        protected void ReadEntitiesWrapper<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        {
+            ReadEntities<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        // trying to use PrepareMethod because we can't reflect invoke methods that return a span...
         private void CallGenericMethod(Type type, string methodName, object[] parameters)
         {
             var readComponentMethod = typeof(Engine).GetMethod(methodName, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
             var genericReadComponentMethod = readComponentMethod.MakeGenericMethod(type);
             genericReadComponentMethod.Invoke(this, parameters);
+            // RuntimeHelpers.PrepareMethod(genericReadComponentMethod.MethodHandle);
+        }
+
+        private void CallGenericWrappedMethod(Type type, string methodName, object[] parameters)
+        {
+            var readComponentMethod = typeof(UberEngine).GetMethod(methodName, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
+            var genericReadComponentMethod = readComponentMethod.MakeGenericMethod(type);
+            genericReadComponentMethod.Invoke(this, parameters);
         }
 
         private void CallGenericMethod(Type type, string methodName, Type[] types, object[] parameters)
@@ -79,6 +107,7 @@ namespace Encompass
             var readComponentMethod = typeof(Engine).GetMethod(methodName, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance, null, types, null);
             var genericReadComponentMethod = readComponentMethod.MakeGenericMethod(type);
             genericReadComponentMethod.Invoke(this, parameters);
+            // RuntimeHelpers.PrepareMethod(genericReadComponentMethod.MethodHandle);
         }
 
         private void CallGenericMethod(Type type, string methodName, int argumentNum, object[] parameters)
@@ -86,6 +115,7 @@ namespace Encompass
             var method = typeof(Engine).GetRuntimeMethods().Where(m => m.Name == methodName && m.GetParameters().Length == argumentNum).First();
             var genericMethod = method.MakeGenericMethod(type);
             genericMethod.Invoke(this, parameters);
+            // RuntimeHelpers.PrepareMethod(genericMethod.MethodHandle);
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/UberRenderer.cs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ namespace Encompass
 {
     class UberRenderer : Renderer
     {
-        private IEnumerable<Type> _componentTypes;
+        private readonly IEnumerable<Type> _componentTypes;
         private Entity _entity;
 
         public UberRenderer(IEnumerable<Type> componentTypes)
@@ -19,27 +19,43 @@ namespace Encompass
             _entity = entity;
         }
 
+        // can't reflect invoke on Span returns...
         public void Render()
         {
             foreach (var type in _componentTypes)
             {
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadEntities", null);
+                CallGenericWrappedMethod(type, "ReadEntitiesWrapper", null);
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadEntity", null);
+                CallGenericWrappedMethod(type, "ReadComponentsWrapper", null);
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponent", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponentIncludingEntity", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponents", null);
-                CallGenericMethod(type, "ReadComponentsIncludingEntity", null);
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "GetComponent", new object[] { _entity });
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "HasComponent", new object[] { _entity });
                 CallGenericMethod(type, "SomeComponent", null);
             }
         }
 
+        protected void ReadEntitiesWrapper<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        {
+            ReadEntities<TComponent>();
+        }
+
+        protected void ReadComponentsWrapper<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        {
+            ReadComponents<TComponent>();
+        }
+
         private void CallGenericMethod(Type type, string methodName, object[] parameters)
         {
             var readComponentMethod = typeof(Renderer).GetMethod(methodName, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
             var genericReadComponentMethod = readComponentMethod.MakeGenericMethod(type);
             genericReadComponentMethod.Invoke(this, parameters);
         }
+
+        private void CallGenericWrappedMethod(Type type, string methodName, object[] parameters)
+        {
+            var readComponentMethod = typeof(UberRenderer).GetMethod(methodName, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
+            var genericReadComponentMethod = readComponentMethod.MakeGenericMethod(type);
+            genericReadComponentMethod.Invoke(this, parameters);
+        }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/World.cs

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ namespace Encompass
     /// </summary>
     public class World
     {
-        private readonly List<Engine> enginesInOrder;
-        private readonly EntityManager entityManager;
-        private readonly ComponentManager componentManager;
-        private readonly TrackingManager trackingManager;
-        private readonly MessageManager messageManager;
-        private readonly TimeManager timeManager;
-        private readonly RenderManager renderManager;
+        private readonly List<Engine> _enginesInOrder;
+        private readonly EntityManager _entityManager;
+        private readonly ComponentManager _componentManager;
+        private readonly TrackingManager _trackingManager;
+        private readonly MessageManager _messageManager;
+        private readonly TimeManager _timeManager;
+        private readonly RenderManager _renderManager;
 
         internal World(
             List<Engine> enginesInOrder,
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ namespace Encompass
             RenderManager renderManager
         )
         {
-            this.enginesInOrder = enginesInOrder;
-            this.entityManager = entityManager;
-            this.componentManager = componentManager;
-            this.trackingManager = trackingManager;
-            this.messageManager = messageManager;
-            this.timeManager = timeManager;
-            this.renderManager = renderManager;
+            _enginesInOrder = enginesInOrder;
+            _entityManager = entityManager;
+            _componentManager = componentManager;
+            _trackingManager = trackingManager;
+            _messageManager = messageManager;
+            _timeManager = timeManager;
+            _renderManager = renderManager;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="dt">The time in seconds that has passed since the previous frame.</param>
         public void Update(double dt)
         {
-            trackingManager.UpdateTracking();
-            messageManager.ProcessDelayedMessages(dt);
-            timeManager.Update(dt);
+            _trackingManager.UpdateTracking();
+            _messageManager.ProcessDelayedMessages(dt);
+            _timeManager.Update(dt);
 
-            foreach (var engine in enginesInOrder)
+            foreach (var engine in _enginesInOrder)
             {
-                if (engine.usesTimeDilation)
+                if (engine._usesTimeDilation)
                 {
-                    engine.Update(dt * timeManager.TimeDilationFactor);
+                    engine.Update(dt * _timeManager.TimeDilationFactor);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ namespace Encompass
                 engine.ClearNewlyCreatedEntities();
             }
 
-            messageManager.ClearMessages();
-            entityManager.PruneEmptyEntities();
-            entityManager.DestroyMarkedEntities(enginesInOrder);
+            _messageManager.ClearMessages();
+            _entityManager.PruneEmptyEntities();
+            _entityManager.DestroyMarkedEntities(_enginesInOrder);
 
-            componentManager.RemoveMarkedComponents();
-            componentManager.WriteComponents();
+            _componentManager.RemoveMarkedComponents();
+            _componentManager.WriteComponents();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// </summary>
         public void Draw()
         {
-            renderManager.Draw();
+            _renderManager.Draw();
         }
     }
 }

encompass-cs/WorldBuilder.cs

@@ -18,43 +18,43 @@ namespace Encompass
     /// </remarks>
     public class WorldBuilder
     {
-        private readonly int entityCapacity;
-        private readonly List<Engine> engines = new List<Engine>();
-        private readonly DirectedGraph<Engine, Unit> engineGraph = GraphBuilder.DirectedGraph<Engine>();
-        private readonly ComponentStore startingExistingComponentStore;
-        private readonly ComponentStore startingUpToDateComponentStore;
+        private readonly int _entityCapacity;
+        private readonly List<Engine> _engines = new List<Engine>();
+        private readonly DirectedGraph<Engine, Unit> _engineGraph = GraphBuilder.DirectedGraph<Engine>();
+        private readonly ComponentStore _startingExistingComponentStore;
+        private readonly ComponentStore _startingUpToDateComponentStore;
 
-        private readonly ComponentManager componentManager;
-        private readonly EntityManager entityManager;
-        private readonly MessageManager messageManager;
-        private readonly TimeManager timeManager;
-        private readonly DrawLayerManager drawLayerManager;
-        private readonly RenderManager renderManager;
-        private readonly TrackingManager trackingManager;
+        private readonly ComponentManager _componentManager;
+        private readonly EntityManager _entityManager;
+        private readonly MessageManager _messageManager;
+        private readonly TimeManager _timeManager;
+        private readonly DrawLayerManager _drawLayerManager;
+        private readonly RenderManager _renderManager;
+        private readonly TrackingManager _trackingManager;
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>> typeToReaders = new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>>();
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>> _typeToReaders = new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<Engine>>();
 
-        private readonly HashSet<Engine> senders = new HashSet<Engine>();
+        private readonly HashSet<Engine> _senders = new HashSet<Engine>();
 
-        private readonly HashSet<Type> componentTypesToPreload = new HashSet<Type>();
+        private readonly HashSet<Type> _componentTypesToPreload = new HashSet<Type>();
 
-        private readonly HashSet<Type> messageTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
+        private readonly HashSet<Type> _messageTypes = new HashSet<Type>();
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<Type, int> typeToIndex = new Dictionary<Type, int>();
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, int> _typeToIndex = new Dictionary<Type, int>();
 
         public WorldBuilder(int entityCapacity = 32768)
         {
-            this.entityCapacity = entityCapacity;
-            drawLayerManager = new DrawLayerManager(typeToIndex);
-            timeManager = new TimeManager();
-            trackingManager = new TrackingManager();
-            componentManager = new ComponentManager(drawLayerManager, typeToIndex);
-            messageManager = new MessageManager(timeManager);
-            entityManager = new EntityManager(componentManager, entityCapacity);
-            renderManager = new RenderManager(entityManager, drawLayerManager);
+            _entityCapacity = entityCapacity;
+            _drawLayerManager = new DrawLayerManager();
+            _timeManager = new TimeManager();
+            _trackingManager = new TrackingManager();
+            _componentManager = new ComponentManager(_drawLayerManager, _typeToIndex);
+            _messageManager = new MessageManager(_timeManager);
+            _entityManager = new EntityManager(_componentManager, entityCapacity);
+            _renderManager = new RenderManager(_entityManager, _drawLayerManager);
 
-            startingExistingComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
-            startingUpToDateComponentStore = new ComponentStore(typeToIndex);
+            _startingExistingComponentStore = new ComponentStore(_typeToIndex);
+            _startingUpToDateComponentStore = new ComponentStore(_typeToIndex);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -62,56 +62,56 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// </summary>
         public Entity CreateEntity()
         {
-            return entityManager.CreateEntity();
+            return _entityManager.CreateEntity();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Specifies that the given Message should be sent immediately on the first World Update.
         /// </summary>
-        public void SendMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        public void SendMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            messageManager.AddMessage(message);
+            _messageManager.AddMessage(message);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Specifies that the given Message should be sent after the specified number of seconds after the first World Update.
         /// </summary>
-        public void SendMessage<TMessage>(TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
+        public void SendMessage<TMessage>(in TMessage message, double time) where TMessage : struct, IMessage
         {
-            messageManager.AddMessage<TMessage>(message, time);
+            _messageManager.AddMessage<TMessage>(message, time);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets Component data for the specified Component Type on the specified Entity.
         /// </summary>
-        public void SetComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity, TComponent component) where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        public void SetComponent<TComponent>(Entity entity, in TComponent component) where TComponent : struct
         {
             RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
-            startingExistingComponentStore.Set(entity.ID, component);
-            startingUpToDateComponentStore.Set(entity.ID, component);
+            _startingExistingComponentStore.Set(entity.ID, component);
+            _startingUpToDateComponentStore.Set(entity.ID, component);
 
             if (component is IDrawableComponent drawableComponent)
             {
-                componentManager.RegisterDrawableComponent(entity.ID, component, drawableComponent.Layer);
-                drawLayerManager.RegisterOrderedDrawable<TComponent>();
+                _componentManager.RegisterDrawableComponent<TComponent>(entity.ID, drawableComponent.Layer);
+                _drawLayerManager.RegisterOrderedDrawable<TComponent>();
             }
         }
 
-        internal void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct, IComponent
+        internal void RegisterComponentType<TComponent>() where TComponent : struct
         {
-            if (!typeToIndex.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
+            if (!_typeToIndex.ContainsKey(typeof(TComponent)))
             {
-                typeToIndex.Add(typeof(TComponent), typeToIndex.Count);
-                componentTypesToPreload.Add(typeof(TComponent));
-                componentManager.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
-                startingExistingComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
-                startingUpToDateComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+                _typeToIndex.Add(typeof(TComponent), _typeToIndex.Count);
+                _componentTypesToPreload.Add(typeof(TComponent));
+                _componentManager.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+                _startingExistingComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
+                _startingUpToDateComponentStore.RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
             }
         }
 
         internal void RegisterMessageTypes(IEnumerable<Type> types)
         {
-            messageTypes.UnionWith(types);
+            _messageTypes.UnionWith(types);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -120,21 +120,21 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="engine">An instance of an Engine.</param>
         public Engine AddEngine<TEngine>(TEngine engine) where TEngine : Engine
         {
-            engine.AssignEntityManager(entityManager);
-            engine.AssignComponentManager(componentManager);
-            engine.AssignMessageManager(messageManager);
-            engine.AssignTimeManager(timeManager);
-            engine.AssignTrackingManager(trackingManager);
+            engine.AssignEntityManager(_entityManager);
+            engine.AssignComponentManager(_componentManager);
+            engine.AssignMessageManager(_messageManager);
+            engine.AssignTimeManager(_timeManager);
+            engine.AssignTrackingManager(_trackingManager);
 
-            engines.Add(engine);
-            engineGraph.AddNode(engine);
+            _engines.Add(engine);
+            _engineGraph.AddNode(engine);
 
-            var messageReceiveTypes = engine.receiveTypes;
-            var messageSendTypes = engine.sendTypes;
+            var messageReceiveTypes = engine.ReceiveTypes;
+            var messageSendTypes = engine.SendTypes;
 
-            RegisterMessageTypes(engine.receiveTypes.Union(engine.sendTypes));
+            RegisterMessageTypes(engine.ReceiveTypes.Union(engine.SendTypes));
 
-            foreach (var writeImmediateType in engine.writeImmediateTypes.Intersect(engine.readImmediateTypes))
+            foreach (var writeImmediateType in engine.WriteImmediateTypes.Intersect(engine.ReadImmediateTypes))
             {
                 throw new EngineSelfCycleException("Engine {0} both writes and reads immediate Component {1}", engine.GetType().Name, writeImmediateType.Name);
             }
@@ -144,28 +144,28 @@ namespace Encompass
                 throw new EngineSelfCycleException("Engine {0} both receives and sends Message {1}", engine.GetType().Name, messageType.Name);
             }
 
-            if (messageSendTypes.Count > 0 || engine.writeImmediateTypes.Count > 0)
+            if (messageSendTypes.Count > 0 || engine.WriteImmediateTypes.Count > 0)
             {
-                senders.Add(engine);
+                _senders.Add(engine);
             }
 
-            foreach (var componentType in engine.queryWithTypes.Union(engine.queryWithoutTypes))
+            foreach (var componentType in engine.QueryWithTypes.Union(engine.QueryWithoutTypes))
             {
-                trackingManager.RegisterComponentTypeToEngine(componentType, engine);
-                if (engine.readImmediateTypes.Contains(componentType))
+                _trackingManager.RegisterComponentTypeToEngine(componentType, engine);
+                if (engine.ReadImmediateTypes.Contains(componentType))
                 {
-                    trackingManager.RegisterImmediateComponentTypeToEngine(componentType, engine);
+                    _trackingManager.RegisterImmediateComponentTypeToEngine(componentType, engine);
                 }
             }
 
-            foreach (var receiveType in engine.receiveTypes.Union(engine.readImmediateTypes))
+            foreach (var receiveType in engine.ReceiveTypes.Union(engine.ReadImmediateTypes))
             {
-                if (!typeToReaders.ContainsKey(receiveType))
+                if (!_typeToReaders.ContainsKey(receiveType))
                 {
-                    typeToReaders.Add(receiveType, new HashSet<Engine>());
+                    _typeToReaders.Add(receiveType, new HashSet<Engine>());
                 }
 
-                typeToReaders[receiveType].Add(engine);
+                _typeToReaders[receiveType].Add(engine);
             }
 
             return engine;
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="layer">The draw layer to register.</param>
         public void RegisterDrawLayer(int layer)
         {
-            drawLayerManager.RegisterDrawLayer(layer);
+            _drawLayerManager.RegisterDrawLayer(layer);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ namespace Encompass
         public OrderedRenderer<TComponent> AddOrderedRenderer<TComponent>(OrderedRenderer<TComponent> renderer) where TComponent : struct, IComponent, IDrawableComponent
         {
             RegisterComponentType<TComponent>();
-            renderer.AssignEntityManager(entityManager);
-            renderer.AssignComponentManager(componentManager);
-            renderManager.RegisterOrderedRenderer<TComponent>(renderer.InternalRender);
+            renderer.AssignEntityManager(_entityManager);
+            renderer.AssignComponentManager(_componentManager);
+            _renderManager.RegisterOrderedRenderer<TComponent>(renderer.InternalRender);
             return renderer;
         }
 
@@ -200,29 +200,29 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// <param name="layer">The layer at which the GeneralRenderer should render. Higher numbers draw over lower numbers.</param>
         public TRenderer AddGeneralRenderer<TRenderer>(TRenderer renderer, int layer) where TRenderer : GeneralRenderer
         {
-            renderer.AssignEntityManager(entityManager);
-            renderer.AssignComponentManager(componentManager);
+            renderer.AssignEntityManager(_entityManager);
+            renderer.AssignComponentManager(_componentManager);
 
-            renderManager.RegisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(renderer, layer);
+            _renderManager.RegisterGeneralRendererWithLayer(renderer, layer);
 
             return renderer;
         }
 
         private void BuildEngineGraph()
         {
-            foreach (var senderEngine in senders)
+            foreach (var senderEngine in _senders)
             {
-                foreach (var messageType in senderEngine.sendTypes.Union(senderEngine.writeImmediateTypes))
+                foreach (var messageType in senderEngine.SendTypes.Union(senderEngine.WriteImmediateTypes))
                 {
-                    if (typeToReaders.ContainsKey(messageType))
+                    if (_typeToReaders.ContainsKey(messageType))
                     {
-                        foreach (var readerEngine in typeToReaders[messageType])
+                        foreach (var readerEngine in _typeToReaders[messageType])
                         {
                             if (senderEngine != readerEngine)
                             {
-                                if (!engineGraph.Exists(senderEngine, readerEngine))
+                                if (!_engineGraph.Exists(senderEngine, readerEngine))
                                 {
-                                    engineGraph.AddEdge(senderEngine, readerEngine);
+                                    _engineGraph.AddEdge(senderEngine, readerEngine);
                                 }
                             }
                         }
@@ -240,9 +240,9 @@ namespace Encompass
         {
             BuildEngineGraph();
 
-            if (engineGraph.Cyclic())
+            if (_engineGraph.Cyclic())
             {
-                var cycles = engineGraph.SimpleCycles();
+                var cycles = _engineGraph.SimpleCycles();
                 var errorString = "Cycle(s) found in Engines: ";
                 foreach (var cycle in cycles)
                 {
@@ -262,25 +262,25 @@ namespace Encompass
             var writePriorities = new Dictionary<Type, HashSet<int>>();
             var writeMessageToEngines = new Dictionary<Type, List<Engine>>();
 
-            foreach (var engine in engines)
+            foreach (var engine in _engines)
             {
                 if (engine.GetType().GetCustomAttribute<IgnoresTimeDilation>() != null)
                 {
-                    engine.usesTimeDilation = false;
+                    engine._usesTimeDilation = false;
                 }
 
                 var defaultWritePriorityAttribute = engine.GetType().GetCustomAttribute<DefaultWritePriority>(false);
 
-                foreach (var writeType in engine.writeTypes)
+                foreach (var writeType in engine.WriteTypes)
                 {
                     int? priority = null;
-                    if (engine.writePriorities.ContainsKey(writeType))
+                    if (engine.WritePriorities.ContainsKey(writeType))
                     {
-                        priority = engine.writePriorities[writeType];
+                        priority = engine.WritePriorities[writeType];
                     }
                     else if (defaultWritePriorityAttribute != null)
                     {
-                        priority = defaultWritePriorityAttribute.writePriority;
+                        priority = defaultWritePriorityAttribute.WritePriority;
                     }
 
                     if (priority.HasValue)
@@ -354,25 +354,11 @@ namespace Encompass
                 throw new EngineWriteConflictException(errorString);
             }
 
-            // doing reflection to grab all component types, because not all writes need to be declared
-            foreach (var assembly in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies())
-            {
-                foreach (var componentType in assembly.GetTypes())
-                {
-                    if (typeof(IComponent).IsAssignableFrom(componentType) && componentType.IsValueType && !componentType.IsEnum && !componentType.IsPrimitive)
-                    {
-                        var method = typeof(WorldBuilder).GetMethod("RegisterComponentType", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
-                        var generic = method.MakeGenericMethod(componentType);
-                        generic.Invoke(this, null);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            PreloadJIT(componentTypesToPreload, messageTypes);
+            PreloadJIT(_messageTypes);
 
             var engineOrder = new List<Engine>();
 
-            foreach (var engine in engineGraph.TopologicalSort())
+            foreach (var engine in _engineGraph.TopologicalSort())
             {
                 engineOrder.Add(engine);
                 engine.BuildEntityQuery();
@@ -380,18 +366,18 @@ namespace Encompass
 
             var world = new World(
                 engineOrder,
-                entityManager,
-                componentManager,
-                trackingManager,
-                messageManager,
-                timeManager,
-                renderManager
+                _entityManager,
+                _componentManager,
+                _trackingManager,
+                _messageManager,
+                _timeManager,
+                _renderManager
             );
 
-            componentManager.SetExistingComponentStore(startingExistingComponentStore);
-            componentManager.SetUpToDateComponentStore(startingUpToDateComponentStore);
+            _componentManager.SetExistingComponentStore(_startingExistingComponentStore);
+            _componentManager.SetUpToDateComponentStore(_startingUpToDateComponentStore);
 
-            trackingManager.InitializeTracking(entityManager.EntityIDs);
+            _trackingManager.InitializeTracking(_entityManager.EntityIDs);
 
             return world;
         }
@@ -402,19 +388,44 @@ namespace Encompass
         /// It does so by grabbing all component and message types known to the WorldBuilder and
         /// executing every possible generic method that could be executed with those types.
         /// </summary>
-        private void PreloadJIT(IEnumerable<Type> componentTypes, IEnumerable<Type> messageTypes)
+        private void PreloadJIT(IEnumerable<Type> messageTypes)
         {
             var dummyTimeManager = new TimeManager();
             var dummyMessageManager = new MessageManager(dummyTimeManager);
-            var dummyDrawLayerManager = new DrawLayerManager(typeToIndex);
+            var dummyDrawLayerManager = new DrawLayerManager();
             var dummyTrackingManager = new TrackingManager();
-            var dummyComponentManager = new ComponentManager(dummyDrawLayerManager, typeToIndex);
-            var dummyEntityManager = new EntityManager(dummyComponentManager, entityCapacity);
+            var dummyComponentManager = new ComponentManager(dummyDrawLayerManager, _typeToIndex);
+            var dummyEntityManager = new EntityManager(dummyComponentManager, _entityCapacity);
             var dummyRenderManager = new RenderManager(dummyEntityManager, dummyDrawLayerManager);
 
+            // doing reflection to grab all component types, because not all writes need to be declared
+            foreach (var assembly in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies())
+            {
+                foreach (var componentType in assembly.GetTypes())
+                {
+                    if (typeof(IComponent).IsAssignableFrom(componentType) && componentType.IsValueType && !componentType.IsEnum && !componentType.IsPrimitive)
+                    {
+                        var method = typeof(WorldBuilder).GetMethod("RegisterComponentType", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
+                        var generic = method.MakeGenericMethod(componentType);
+                        generic.Invoke(this, null);
+
+                        var dummyRegisterMethod = typeof(ComponentManager).GetMethod("RegisterComponentType", BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance);
+                        var dummyGeneric = dummyRegisterMethod.MakeGenericMethod(componentType);
+                        dummyGeneric.Invoke(dummyComponentManager, null);
+                    }
+
+                    if (componentType.GetInterface("IDrawableComponent") != null)
+                    {
+                        var drawLayerManagerRegisterMethod = typeof(DrawLayerManager).GetMethod("RegisterOrderedDrawable");
+                        var drawLayerManagerRegisterGenericMethod = drawLayerManagerRegisterMethod.MakeGenericMethod(componentType);
+                        drawLayerManagerRegisterGenericMethod.Invoke(dummyDrawLayerManager, null);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
             var prepEngineOrder = new List<Engine>();
 
-            var uberEngine = new UberEngine(componentTypes, messageTypes);
+            var uberEngine = new UberEngine(_componentTypesToPreload, messageTypes);
 
             uberEngine.AssignEntityManager(dummyEntityManager);
             uberEngine.AssignComponentManager(dummyComponentManager);
@@ -422,24 +433,10 @@ namespace Encompass
             uberEngine.AssignTimeManager(dummyTimeManager);
             uberEngine.AssignTrackingManager(dummyTrackingManager);
 
-            var uberRenderer = new UberRenderer(componentTypes);
+            var uberRenderer = new UberRenderer(_componentTypesToPreload);
             uberRenderer.AssignComponentManager(dummyComponentManager);
             uberRenderer.AssignEntityManager(dummyEntityManager);
 
-            foreach (var type in componentTypes)
-            {
-                var componentManagerRegisterMethod = typeof(ComponentManager).GetMethod("RegisterComponentType");
-                var componentManagerRegisterGenericMethod = componentManagerRegisterMethod.MakeGenericMethod(type);
-                componentManagerRegisterGenericMethod.Invoke(dummyComponentManager, null);
-
-                if (type.GetInterface("IDrawableComponent") != null)
-                {
-                    var drawLayerManagerRegisterMethod = typeof(DrawLayerManager).GetMethod("RegisterOrderedDrawable");
-                    var drawLayerManagerRegisterGenericMethod = drawLayerManagerRegisterMethod.MakeGenericMethod(type);
-                    drawLayerManagerRegisterGenericMethod.Invoke(dummyDrawLayerManager, null);
-                }
-            }
-
             prepEngineOrder.Add(uberEngine);
 
             var dummyWorld = new World(

encompass-cs/encompass-cs.csproj

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
   <PropertyGroup>
     <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
+    <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <RootNamespace>Encompass</RootNamespace>
     <PackageId>EncompassECS.Framework</PackageId>
     <Version>0.20.0</Version>
@@ -26,5 +28,6 @@
     <PackageReference Include="MoonTools.Core.Graph" Version="1.0.0" />
     <PackageReference Include="MoonTools.FastCollections" Version="1.0.0" />
     <PackageReference Include="System.Collections.Immutable" Version="1.7.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Bcl.HashCode" Version="1.1.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
 </Project>

test/ComponentTest.cs

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ using NUnit.Framework;
 using FluentAssertions;
 
 using Encompass;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Tests
 {
     public class ComponentTests
     {
-        struct MockComponent : Encompass.IComponent
+        struct MockComponent : IComponent
         {
-            public string myString;
             public int myInt;
         }
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var entityMessage in ReadMessages<EntityMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entityMessage in ReadMessages<EntityMessage>())
                 {
                     gottenMockComponent = GetComponent<MockComponent>(entityMessage.entity);
                 }
@@ -45,25 +45,27 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var addComponentTestMessage in ReadMessages<AddComponentTestMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var addComponentTestMessage in ReadMessages<AddComponentTestMessage>())
                 {
                     Assert.IsTrue(HasComponent<MockComponent>(addComponentTestMessage.entity));
-                    Assert.That(GetComponent<MockComponent>(addComponentTestMessage.entity), Is.EqualTo(addComponentTestMessage.mockComponent));
+                    ref readonly var gottenComponent = ref GetComponent<MockComponent>(addComponentTestMessage.entity);
+                    gottenComponent.Should().BeEquivalentTo(addComponentTestMessage.mockComponent);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         [Test]
-        public void AddComponent()
+        public unsafe void AddComponent()
         {
             var worldBuilder = new WorldBuilder();
             worldBuilder.AddEngine(new AddComponentTestEngine());
 
             var entity = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
+            const string MyString = "hello";
+
             MockComponent mockComponent;
             mockComponent.myInt = 3;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -85,16 +87,15 @@ namespace Tests
             worldBuilder.AddEngine(new ReadMockComponentEngine());
 
             var entity = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
-            worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 20, myString = "what" });
-            worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 50, myString = "hi" });
-            worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 40, myString = "wassup" });
+            worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 20 });
+            worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 50 });
+            worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 40 });
 
             var world = worldBuilder.Build();
 
             world.Update(0.01);
 
             Assert.That(gottenMockComponent.myInt, Is.EqualTo(40));
-            Assert.That(gottenMockComponent.myString, Is.EqualTo("wassup"));
         }
 
         [Reads(typeof(MockComponent))]
@@ -103,8 +104,9 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (mockComponent, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
                 {
+                    ref readonly var mockComponent = ref GetComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                     SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = mockComponent.myInt + 1 });
                 }
             }
@@ -149,8 +151,9 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (mockComponent, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
                 {
+                    ref readonly var mockComponent = ref GetComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                     SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
                     RemoveComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                 }
@@ -191,7 +194,6 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 MockComponent mockComponent;
                 mockComponent.myInt = 10;
-                mockComponent.myString = "four";
 
                 AddMockComponentMessage addMockComponentMessage;
                 addMockComponentMessage.entity = entity;
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var message in ReadMessages<AddMockComponentMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var message in ReadMessages<AddMockComponentMessage>())
                 {
                     SetComponent(message.entity, message.mockComponent);
                 }
@@ -255,9 +257,8 @@ namespace Tests
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
             mockComponent.myInt = 3;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
 
-            worldBuilder.SetComponent<MockComponent>(entity, mockComponent);
+            worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
             EntityMessage entityMessage;
             entityMessage.entity = entity;
@@ -281,7 +282,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var hasComponentTestEngine in ReadMessages<HasComponentTestMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var hasComponentTestEngine in ReadMessages<HasComponentTestMessage>())
                 {
                     Assert.IsTrue(HasComponent<MockComponent>(hasComponentTestEngine.entity));
                 }
@@ -298,7 +299,6 @@ namespace Tests
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
             mockComponent.myInt = 3;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var hasComponentTestEngine in ReadMessages<HasComponentTestMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var hasComponentTestEngine in ReadMessages<HasComponentTestMessage>())
                 {
                     hasComponentRuntimeTypeResult = HasComponent(hasComponentTestEngine.entity, typeof(MockComponent));
                 }
@@ -336,7 +336,6 @@ namespace Tests
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
             mockComponent.myInt = 3;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var removeComponentMessage in ReadMessages<RemoveComponentTestMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var removeComponentMessage in ReadMessages<RemoveComponentTestMessage>())
                 {
                     RemoveComponent<MockComponent>(removeComponentMessage.entity);
                 }
@@ -427,7 +426,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var checkHasMockComponentMessage in ReadMessages<CheckHasMockComponentMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var checkHasMockComponentMessage in ReadMessages<CheckHasMockComponentMessage>())
                 {
                     hasComponentResult = HasComponent<MockComponent>(checkHasMockComponentMessage.entity);
                 }
@@ -446,7 +445,6 @@ namespace Tests
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
             mockComponent.myInt = 3;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -477,7 +475,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var checkHasMockComponentMessage in ReadMessages<CheckHasMockComponentMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var checkHasMockComponentMessage in ReadMessages<CheckHasMockComponentMessage>())
                 {
                     Assert.IsTrue(HasComponent<MockComponent>(checkHasMockComponentMessage.entity));
                 }

test/EngineTest.cs

@@ -13,26 +13,25 @@ namespace Tests
     struct MockComponent : IComponent
     {
         public int myInt;
-        public string myString;
     }
 
     public class EngineTest
     {
-        static List<MockComponent> resultComponents;
+        static MockComponent[] resultComponents;
         static MockComponent resultComponent;
 
-        static List<MockMessage> resultMessages = new List<MockMessage>();
+        static MockMessage[] resultMessages;
 
         [Reads(typeof(MockComponent))]
         public class ReadComponentsTestEngine : Engine
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                resultComponents = ReadComponents<MockComponent>().ToList();
+                resultComponents = ReadComponents<MockComponent>().ToArray();
             }
         }
 
-        static List<(MockComponent, Entity)> resultComponentsIncludingEntity;
+        static List<(MockComponent, Entity)> resultComponentsIncludingEntity = new List<(MockComponent, Entity)>();
         static (MockComponent, Entity) resultComponentIncludingEntity;
 
         [Reads(typeof(MockComponent))]
@@ -40,7 +39,11 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                resultComponentsIncludingEntity = ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>().ToList();
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
+                {
+                    ref readonly var mockComponent = ref GetComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
+                    resultComponentsIncludingEntity.Add((mockComponent, entity));
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -58,7 +61,9 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                resultComponentIncludingEntity = ReadComponentIncludingEntity<MockComponent>();
+                ref readonly var entity = ref ReadEntity<MockComponent>();
+                ref readonly var mockComponent = ref GetComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
+                resultComponentIncludingEntity = (mockComponent, entity);
             }
         }
 
@@ -72,12 +77,10 @@ namespace Tests
             var entityB = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
-            mockComponent.myInt = 0;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
+            mockComponent.myInt = 2;
 
             MockComponent mockComponentB;
             mockComponentB.myInt = 1;
-            mockComponentB.myString = "howdy";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entityB, mockComponentB);
@@ -93,6 +96,8 @@ namespace Tests
         [Test]
         public void ReadComponentsIncludingEntity()
         {
+            resultComponentsIncludingEntity.Clear();
+
             var worldBuilder = new WorldBuilder();
             worldBuilder.AddEngine(new ReadComponentsIncludingEntityEngine());
 
@@ -100,12 +105,10 @@ namespace Tests
             var entityB = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
-            mockComponent.myInt = 0;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
+            mockComponent.myInt = 2;
 
             MockComponent mockComponentB;
             mockComponentB.myInt = 1;
-            mockComponentB.myString = "howdy";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entityB, mockComponentB);
@@ -135,8 +138,7 @@ namespace Tests
             var entity = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
-            mockComponent.myInt = 0;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
+            mockComponent.myInt = 3;
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -157,12 +159,10 @@ namespace Tests
             var entityB = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
-            mockComponent.myInt = 0;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
+            mockComponent.myInt = 2;
 
             MockComponent mockComponentB;
             mockComponentB.myInt = 1;
-            mockComponentB.myString = "howdy";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entityB, mockComponentB);
@@ -183,8 +183,7 @@ namespace Tests
             var entity = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
-            mockComponent.myInt = 0;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
+            mockComponent.myInt = 2;
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -201,11 +200,8 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                var (component, entity) = ReadComponentIncludingEntity<MockComponent>();
-
-                component.myInt = 420;
-                component.myString = "blaze it";
-                SetComponent(entity, component);
+                ref readonly var entity = ref ReadEntity<MockComponent>();
+                SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 420 });
             }
         }
 
@@ -222,8 +218,7 @@ namespace Tests
             var entity = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
-            mockComponent.myInt = 0;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
+            mockComponent.myInt = 3;
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -233,7 +228,6 @@ namespace Tests
             world.Update(0.01);
 
             Assert.AreEqual(420, resultComponent.myInt);
-            Assert.AreEqual("blaze it", resultComponent.myString);
         }
 
         [Reads(typeof(MockComponent))]
@@ -241,13 +235,8 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                var (component, entity) = ReadComponentIncludingEntity<MockComponent>();
-
-                component.myInt = 420;
-                component.myString = "blaze it";
-                SetComponent(entity, component);
-
-                component = ReadComponent<MockComponent>();
+                ref readonly var entity = ref ReadEntity<MockComponent>();
+                SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { myInt = 420 });
             }
         }
 
@@ -260,8 +249,7 @@ namespace Tests
             var entity = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
 
             MockComponent mockComponent;
-            mockComponent.myInt = 0;
-            mockComponent.myString = "hello";
+            mockComponent.myInt = 3;
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
 
@@ -293,7 +281,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                resultMessages = this.ReadMessages<MockMessage>().ToList();
+                resultMessages = ReadMessages<MockMessage>().ToArray();
             }
         }
 
@@ -322,14 +310,14 @@ namespace Tests
             }
         }
 
-        static IEnumerable<MockMessage> emptyReadMessagesResult;
+        static MockMessage[] emptyReadMessagesResult;
 
         [Receives(typeof(MockMessage))]
         class ReadMessagesWhenNoneExistEngine : Engine
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                emptyReadMessagesResult = ReadMessages<MockMessage>();
+                emptyReadMessagesResult = ReadMessages<MockMessage>().ToArray();
             }
         }
 
@@ -578,10 +566,10 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                var components = ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>();
+                var entities = ReadEntities<MockComponent>();
 
-                pairA = components.First();
-                pairB = components.Last();
+                pairA = (GetComponent<MockComponent>(entities[0]), entities[0]);
+                pairB = (GetComponent<MockComponent>(entities[1]), entities[1]);
             }
         }
 
@@ -594,11 +582,9 @@ namespace Tests
 
             MockComponent componentA;
             componentA.myInt = 20;
-            componentA.myString = "hello";
 
             MockComponent componentB;
             componentB.myInt = 20;
-            componentB.myString = "hello";
 
             var entity = worldBuilder.CreateEntity();
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, componentA);
@@ -613,14 +599,12 @@ namespace Tests
             Assert.That(EngineTest.pairA.Item1, Is.EqualTo(EngineTest.pairB.Item1));
         }
 
-        static IEnumerable<(MockComponent, Entity)> emptyComponentReadResult;
-
         [Reads(typeof(MockComponent))]
         class ReadEmptyMockComponentsEngine : Engine
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                emptyComponentReadResult = ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>();
+                ReadEntities<MockComponent>().ToArray().Should().BeEmpty();
             }
         }
 
@@ -632,8 +616,6 @@ namespace Tests
 
             var world = worldBuilder.Build();
             world.Update(0.01f);
-
-            Assert.That(emptyComponentReadResult, Is.Empty);
         }
 
         struct DestroyerComponent : IComponent { }
@@ -643,21 +625,27 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (component, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<DestroyerComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<DestroyerComponent>())
                 {
                     Destroy(entity);
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        static List<(MockComponent, Entity)> results;
+        static List<(MockComponent, Entity)> results = new List<(MockComponent, Entity)>();
 
         [Reads(typeof(MockComponent))]
         class ReaderEngine : Engine
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                results = ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>().ToList();
+                results.Clear();
+
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
+                {
+                    ref readonly var mockComponent = ref GetComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
+                    results.Add((mockComponent, entity));
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -675,7 +663,6 @@ namespace Tests
             DestroyerComponent destroyerComponent;
             MockComponent mockComponent;
             mockComponent.myInt = 2;
-            mockComponent.myString = "blah";
 
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, destroyerComponent);
             worldBuilder.SetComponent(entity, mockComponent);
@@ -700,7 +687,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var message in ReadMessages<DestroyComponentMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var message in ReadMessages<DestroyComponentMessage>())
                 {
                     Destroy(message.entity);
                 }
@@ -710,6 +697,8 @@ namespace Tests
         [Test]
         public void DestroyEntityWithoutID()
         {
+            results.Clear();
+
             var worldBuilder = new WorldBuilder();
             worldBuilder.AddEngine(new AddComponentEngine());
             worldBuilder.AddEngine(new DestroyEntityEngine());
@@ -733,7 +722,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (componentPair, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<DestroyerComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<DestroyerComponent>())
                 {
                     RemoveComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                     Destroy(entity);
@@ -765,7 +754,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (mockComponent, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
                 {
                     RemoveComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                     SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent());
@@ -780,7 +769,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                var (_, entity) = ReadComponentIncludingEntity<MockComponent>();
+                ref readonly var entity = ref ReadEntity<MockComponent>();
             }
         }
 
@@ -805,7 +794,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (component, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
                 {
                     RemoveComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                     SendMessage(new MockMessage { }, 1);
@@ -816,7 +805,7 @@ namespace Tests
         [Test]
         public void EngineSendMessageDelayed()
         {
-            resultMessages.Clear();
+            Array.Clear(resultMessages, 0, resultMessages.Length);
 
             var worldBuilder = new WorldBuilder();
             worldBuilder.AddEngine(new ActivateTimeDilationEngine());
@@ -852,7 +841,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (component, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
                 {
                     RemoveComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                     SendMessageIgnoringTimeDilation(new MockMessage { }, 1);
@@ -863,7 +852,7 @@ namespace Tests
         [Test]
         public void EngineSendMessageDelayedIgnoringTimeDilation()
         {
-            resultMessages.Clear();
+            Array.Clear(resultMessages, 0, resultMessages.Length);
 
             var worldBuilder = new WorldBuilder();
             worldBuilder.AddEngine(new ActivateTimeDilationEngine());
@@ -896,7 +885,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var message in ReadMessages<MockMessage>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var message in ReadMessages<MockMessage>())
                 {
                     var entity = CreateEntity();
                     SetComponent(entity, new MockComponent { });
@@ -977,12 +966,12 @@ namespace Tests
 
         struct MockComponentB : IComponent
         {
+            private int value;
+
             public MockComponentB(int value)
             {
                 this.value = value;
             }
-
-            int value;
         }
 
         static MockComponentB getComponentResult;
@@ -1134,7 +1123,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                foreach (var (_, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>())
+                foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
                 {
                     RemoveComponent<MockComponent>(entity);
                 }
@@ -1329,8 +1318,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                var (component, entity) = ReadComponentIncludingEntity<MockComponent>();
-
+                ref readonly var entity = ref ReadEntity<MockComponent>();
                 AddComponent(entity, new MockComponent());
             }
         }
@@ -1364,8 +1352,7 @@ namespace Tests
         {
             public override void Update(double dt)
             {
-                var (component, entity) = ReadComponentIncludingEntity<MockComponentB>();
-
+                ref readonly var component = ref ReadComponent<MockComponentB>();
                 getComponentResult = component;
             }
         }
@@ -1811,7 +1798,7 @@ namespace Tests
                 }
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    _components.AddRange(ReadComponents<MockComponentB>());
+                    _components.AddRange(ReadComponents<MockComponentB>().ToArray());
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1847,12 +1834,11 @@ namespace Tests
 
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    foreach (var (component, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockComponent>())
+                    foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockComponent>())
                     {
                         if (HasComponent<MockComponentB>(entity))
                         {
                             _components.Add(GetComponent<MockComponentB>(entity));
-
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -1879,12 +1865,12 @@ namespace Tests
 
             struct MockTimerComponent : IComponent
             {
+                public double Timer { get; }
+
                 public MockTimerComponent(double time)
                 {
                     Timer = time;
                 }
-
-                public double Timer { get; set; }
             }
 
             [Reads(typeof(MockTimerComponent))]
@@ -1893,19 +1879,18 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    foreach (var (component, entity) in ReadComponentsIncludingEntity<MockTimerComponent>())
+                    foreach (ref readonly var entity in ReadEntities<MockTimerComponent>())
                     {
-                        var updatedComponent = component;
-                        updatedComponent.Timer -= dt;
+                        ref readonly var component = ref GetComponent<MockTimerComponent>(entity);
 
-                        if (updatedComponent.Timer <= 0)
+                        if (component.Timer - dt <= 0)
                         {
                             RemoveComponent<MockTimerComponent>(entity);
 
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            SetComponent<MockTimerComponent>(entity, updatedComponent);
+                            SetComponent<MockTimerComponent>(entity, new MockTimerComponent(component.Timer - dt));
                         }
                     }
                 }

test/GeneralRendererTest.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 public override void Render()
                 {
-                    result = ReadComponentIncludingEntity<AComponent>();
+                    ref readonly var entity = ref ReadEntity<AComponent>();
+                    result = (GetComponent<AComponent>(entity), entity);
                 }
             }
 

test/OrderedRendererTest.cs

@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ namespace Tests
 
         class TestRenderer : OrderedRenderer<TestDrawComponent>
         {
-            public override void Render(Entity entity, TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent) { }
+            public override void Render(Entity entity, in TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent) { }
         }
 
         static bool called = false;
         class DeactivatedRenderer : TestRenderer
         {
-            public override void Render(Entity entity, TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent)
+            public override void Render(Entity entity, in TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent)
             {
                 called = true;
             }
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace Tests
 
         class CalledRenderer : OrderedRenderer<TestDrawComponent>
         {
-            public override void Render(Entity entity, TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent)
+            public override void Render(Entity entity, in TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent)
             {
                 resultComponent = (testDrawComponent, entity);
                 calledOnDraw = true;

test/WorldBuilderTest.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using Encompass.Exceptions;
 using System.Linq;
 using FluentAssertions;
+using System;
 
 namespace Tests
 {
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ namespace Tests
 
         public class MultipleEngineWriteConflict
         {
-            struct AComponent : IComponent { }
+            struct AComponent { }
 
             [Writes(typeof(AComponent))]
             class AEngine : Engine
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    foreach (var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
+                    foreach (ref readonly var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
                     {
                         SetComponent(setMessage.entity, new AComponent { myInt = 0 });
                     }
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    foreach (var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
+                    foreach (ref readonly var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
                     {
                         SetComponent(setMessage.entity, new AComponent { myInt = 1 });
                     }
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    foreach (var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
+                    foreach (ref readonly var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
                     {
                         SetComponent(setMessage.entity, new AComponent { myInt = 5 });
                     }
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    foreach (var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
+                    foreach (ref readonly var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
                     {
                         SetComponent(setMessage.entity, new AComponent { myInt = 1 });
                     }
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ namespace Tests
             {
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    foreach (var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
+                    foreach (ref readonly var setMessage in ReadMessages<SetMessage>())
                     {
                         SetComponent(setMessage.entity, new AComponent { myInt = 3 });
                     }
@@ -318,28 +319,6 @@ namespace Tests
             }
         }
 
-        public class IllegalReadType
-        {
-            struct ANonMessage { }
-
-            [Reads(typeof(ANonMessage))]
-            class MyEngine : Engine
-            {
-                public override void Update(double dt)
-                {
-
-                }
-            }
-
-            [Test]
-            public void ThrowsError()
-            {
-                var worldBuilder = new WorldBuilder();
-
-                Assert.Throws<IllegalReadTypeException>(() => worldBuilder.AddEngine(new MyEngine()), "ANonMessage must be a Message or Component");
-            }
-        }
-
         public class IllegalWriteType
         {
             struct ANonMessage { }
@@ -501,20 +480,22 @@ namespace Tests
                 Assert.That(order.IndexOf(engineC), Is.LessThan(order.IndexOf(engineD)));
             }
 
-            static List<AMessage> resultMessages = new List<AMessage>();
+            static AMessage[] resultMessages;
 
             [Receives(typeof(AMessage))]
             class ReadMessageEngine : Engine
             {
                 public override void Update(double dt)
                 {
-                    resultMessages = ReadMessages<AMessage>().ToList();
+                    resultMessages = ReadMessages<AMessage>().ToArray();
                 }
             }
 
             [Test]
             public void SendMessageDelayed()
             {
+                resultMessages = Array.Empty<AMessage>();
+
                 var worldBuilder = new WorldBuilder();
                 worldBuilder.AddEngine(new ReadMessageEngine());
 

test/WorldTest.cs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace Tests
 
         class TestEntityRenderer : OrderedRenderer<TestDrawComponent>
         {
-            public override void Render(Entity entity, TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent)
+            public override void Render(Entity entity, in TestDrawComponent testDrawComponent)
             {
                 drawOrder.Add(entity);
             }

test/test.csproj

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
     <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
     <RootNamespace>Tests</RootNamespace>
     <AssemblyName>EncompassECS.Framework.Tests</AssemblyName>
+    <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
     <PackageReference Include="FluentAssertions" Version="5.7.0" />