fix crash on 0 instance

Cameras/Camera.cs

@@ -10,23 +10,32 @@ namespace Kav
         public Vector3 Position { get; }
         public Vector3 Forward { get; }
         public Vector3 Up { get; }
+        public Vector3 Right { get; }
 
         public float FieldOfView { get; }
         public float AspectRatio { get; }
         public float NearPlane { get; }
         public float FarPlane { get; }
 
-        public PerspectiveCamera(Vector3 position, Vector3 forward, Vector3 up, float fieldOfView, float aspectRatio, float nearPlane, float farPlane)
-        {
+        public PerspectiveCamera(
+            Vector3 position,
+            Vector3 forward,
+            Vector3 up,
+            float fieldOfView,
+            float aspectRatio,
+            float nearPlane,
+            float farPlane
+        ) {
             Position = position;
             Forward = forward;
             Up = up;
+            Right = Vector3.Cross(forward, up);
             View = Matrix.CreateLookAt(Position, Position + Forward, Up);
 
             FieldOfView = fieldOfView;
             AspectRatio = aspectRatio;
             NearPlane = nearPlane;
-            FarPlane = farPlane;    
+            FarPlane = farPlane;
             Projection = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(FieldOfView, AspectRatio, NearPlane, FarPlane);
         }
     }

Data/AtlasAnimation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public struct AtlasAnimation
+    {
+        public UVData[] Frames { get; }
+        public int Framerate { get; }
+
+        public AtlasAnimation(UVData[] frames, int framerate)
+        {
+            Frames = frames;
+            Framerate = framerate;
+        }
+    }
+}

Data/InstanceData.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public class InstanceData<T> where T : struct, IVertexType
+    {
+        public T[] InstanceDataArray { get; }
+        public DynamicVertexBuffer VertexBuffer { get; }
+        public int InstanceCount { get; private set; }
+
+        public InstanceData(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice, int size)
+        {
+            InstanceDataArray = new T[size];
+
+            VertexBuffer = new DynamicVertexBuffer(
+                graphicsDevice,
+                typeof(T),
+                size,
+                BufferUsage.WriteOnly
+            );
+
+            InstanceCount = 0;
+        }
+
+        public void AddAndSetData(IEnumerable<T> data)
+        {
+            InstanceCount = 0;
+            foreach (var datum in data)
+            {
+                AddData(datum);
+            }
+
+            if (InstanceCount == 0) { throw new System.Exception(); }
+
+            SetData();
+        }
+
+        public void AddData(T datum)
+        {
+            InstanceDataArray[InstanceCount] = datum;
+            InstanceCount += 1;
+        }
+
+        public void SetData()
+        {
+            if (InstanceCount > 0)
+            {
+                VertexBuffer.SetData(
+                    InstanceDataArray,
+                    0,
+                    InstanceCount,
+                    SetDataOptions.NoOverwrite
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            InstanceCount = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}

Data/MeshSpriteDrawData.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav.Data
+{
+    public struct MeshSpriteDrawData : IIndexDrawable, ICullable, ITransformable
+    {
+        public SpriteMesh MeshSprite { get; }
+        public Texture2D Texture { get; }
+        public Texture2D Normal { get; }
+        public SpriteBillboardConstraint BillboardConstraint { get; }
+        public Matrix TransformMatrix { get; }
+        public UVData UVOffset { get; }
+
+        public IndexBuffer IndexBuffer => MeshSprite.IndexBuffer;
+        public VertexBuffer VertexBuffer => MeshSprite.VertexBuffer;
+        public BoundingBox BoundingBox => MeshSprite.BoundingBox;
+
+        public MeshSpriteDrawData(
+            SpriteMesh meshSprite,
+            Texture2D texture,
+            Texture2D normal,
+            SpriteBillboardConstraint billboardConstraint,
+            Matrix transformMatrix,
+            UVData offset
+        ) {
+            MeshSprite = meshSprite;
+            Texture = texture;
+            Normal = normal;
+            BillboardConstraint = billboardConstraint;
+            TransformMatrix = transformMatrix;
+            UVOffset = offset;
+        }
+    }
+}

Data/TextureAtlas.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+using Kav.Data;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public struct TextureAtlasSlice
+    {
+        public int X { get; }
+        public int Y { get; }
+        public int W { get; }
+        public int H { get; }
+
+        public UVData UVData { get; }
+
+        // for use with tiling
+        public Vector2 TiledUVOffset { get; }
+
+        public TextureAtlasSlice(int x, int y, int w, int h, int totalW, int totalH)
+        {
+            X = x;
+            Y = y;
+            W = w;
+            H = h;
+
+            UVData = new UVData(new Vector2(x, y), new Vector2(w, h), new Vector2(totalW, totalH));
+
+            TiledUVOffset = new Vector2(x / (float)totalW, y / (float)totalH);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class TextureAtlas
+    {
+        public Texture2D Texture { get; }
+        protected List<string> Names { get; } = new List<string>();
+        protected Dictionary<string, TextureAtlasSlice> Slices { get; } = new Dictionary<string, TextureAtlasSlice>();
+
+        public TextureAtlas(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice, FileInfo atlasMetadataFile)
+        {
+            var atlasData = CrunchAtlasReader.ReadTextureAtlas(atlasMetadataFile);
+
+            var textureData = atlasData.Textures[0];
+
+            using var stream = File.OpenRead(Path.Combine(atlasMetadataFile.DirectoryName, textureData.Name + ".png"));
+            Texture = Texture2D.FromStream(graphicsDevice, stream);
+
+            foreach (var slice in textureData.Images)
+            {
+                Names.Add(slice.N);
+
+                Slices.Add(
+                    slice.N,
+                    new TextureAtlasSlice(
+                        slice.X,
+                        slice.Y,
+                        slice.W,
+                        slice.H,
+                        Texture.Width,
+                        Texture.Height
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        public TextureAtlasSlice Lookup(string name)
+        {
+            return Slices[name];
+        }
+
+        public string Name(int index)
+        {
+            return Names[index];
+        }
+
+        public int Count()
+        {
+            return Names.Count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Assumes all subimages are the same size
+    public class TiledTextureAtlas : TextureAtlas
+    {
+        public int NumRows { get; }
+        public int NumColumns { get; }
+
+        public TiledTextureAtlas(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice, FileInfo atlasMetadataFile) : base(graphicsDevice, atlasMetadataFile)
+        {
+            var subImageSlice = Slices[Names[0]];
+            NumRows = Texture.Height / subImageSlice.H;
+            NumColumns = Texture.Width / subImageSlice.W;
+        }
+    }
+}

Data/UVData.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public struct UVData
+    {
+        public Vector2 Offset { get; }
+        public Vector2 Percentage { get; }
+
+        public UVData(
+            Vector2 positionInAtlas,
+            Vector2 subTextureDimensions,
+            Vector2 atlasDimensions
+        ) {
+            Percentage = subTextureDimensions / atlasDimensions;
+            Offset = positionInAtlas / atlasDimensions;
+        }
+    }
+}

DirectionalShadowMapData.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public class DirectionalShadowMapData
+    {
+        public static readonly int MAX_SHADOW_CASCADES = 4;
+
+        public RenderTarget2D[] ShadowMaps { get; }
+
+        public Matrix[] LightSpaceViews { get; }
+        public Matrix[] LightSpaceProjections { get; }
+
+        public float[] CascadeFarPlanes { get; }
+
+        public int ShadowMapSize { get; }
+        public int NumShadowCascades { get; }
+
+        internal DirectionalShadowMapData(
+            GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice,
+            int shadowMapSize,
+            int numCascades
+        ) {
+            ShadowMapSize = shadowMapSize;
+            NumShadowCascades = (int)MathHelper.Clamp(numCascades, 1, MAX_SHADOW_CASCADES);
+
+            LightSpaceViews = new Matrix[4];
+            LightSpaceProjections = new Matrix[4];
+
+            ShadowMaps = new RenderTarget2D[NumShadowCascades];
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < NumShadowCascades; i++)
+            {
+                ShadowMaps[i] = new RenderTarget2D(
+                    graphicsDevice,
+                    shadowMapSize,
+                    shadowMapSize,
+                    false,
+                    SurfaceFormat.Single,
+                    DepthFormat.Depth24,
+                    0,
+                    RenderTargetUsage.PreserveContents
+                );
+            }
+
+            CascadeFarPlanes = new float[MAX_SHADOW_CASCADES];
+        }
+
+        public void Clear(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice)
+        {
+            foreach (var shadowMap in ShadowMaps)
+            {
+                graphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(shadowMap);
+                graphicsDevice.Clear(Color.White);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

EffectInterfaces/IHasTranslation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public interface IHasTranslation
+    {
+        Vector3 Translation { get; set; }
+    }
+}

EffectInterfaces/IHasWorldMatrix.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public interface IHasWorldMatrix
+    {
+        Matrix World { get; set; }
+    }
+}

Effects/DeferredPBREffect.cs

@@ -74,32 +74,6 @@ namespace Kav
             );
         }
 
-        protected DeferredPBREffect(DeferredPBREffect cloneSource) : base(cloneSource)
-        {
-            GPosition = cloneSource.GPosition;
-            GAlbedo = cloneSource.GAlbedo;
-            GNormal = cloneSource.GNormal;
-            GMetallicRoughness = cloneSource.GMetallicRoughness;
-
-            EyePosition = cloneSource.EyePosition;
-
-            PointLights = new PointLightCollection(
-                Parameters["LightPositions"],
-                Parameters["PositionLightColors"],
-                MaxPointLights
-            );
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < MaxPointLights; i++)
-            {
-                PointLights[i] = cloneSource.PointLights[i];
-            }
-        }
-
-        public override Effect Clone()
-        {
-            return new DeferredPBREffect(this);
-        }
-
         protected override void OnApply()
         {
             gPositionParam.SetValue(GPosition);

Effects/DeferredPBR_GBufferEffect.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ namespace Kav
     public class DeferredPBR_GBufferEffect : Effect, TransformEffect
     {
         EffectParameter worldParam;
-        EffectParameter worldViewProjectionParam;
-        EffectParameter worldInverseTransposeParam;
+        EffectParameter viewProjectionParam;
 
         EffectParameter albedoTextureParam;
         EffectParameter normalTextureParam;
@@ -17,6 +16,13 @@ namespace Kav
         EffectParameter metallicParam;
         EffectParameter roughnessParam;
 
+        EffectParameter uvOffsetAndDimensionsParam;
+        EffectParameter isSpriteParam;
+
+        EffectParameter numTextureRowsParam;
+        EffectParameter numTextureColumnsParam;
+
+        EffectParameter vertexShaderIndexParam;
         EffectParameter shaderIndexParam;
 
         Matrix world = Matrix.Identity;
@@ -27,9 +33,18 @@ namespace Kav
         float metallic;
         float roughness;
 
+        Vector2 uvOffset;
+        Vector2 subTextureDimensions;
+
+        bool isSprite = false;
+
+        int numTextureRows = 1;
+        int numTextureColumns = 1;
+
         bool albedoTextureEnabled = false;
         bool metallicRoughnessMapEnabled = false;
         bool normalMapEnabled = false;
+        bool hardwareInstancingEnabled = false;
 
         EffectDirtyFlags dirtyFlags = EffectDirtyFlags.All;
 
@@ -39,7 +54,7 @@ namespace Kav
             set
             {
                 world = value;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.World | EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.World;
             }
         }
 
@@ -49,7 +64,7 @@ namespace Kav
             set
             {
                 view = value;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj | EffectDirtyFlags.EyePosition;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj | EffectDirtyFlags.EyePosition;
             }
         }
 
@@ -59,7 +74,7 @@ namespace Kav
             set
             {
                 projection = value;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
             }
         }
 
@@ -100,7 +115,7 @@ namespace Kav
             {
                 albedoTextureParam.SetValue(value);
                 albedoTextureEnabled = value != null;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
             }
         }
 
@@ -111,7 +126,7 @@ namespace Kav
             {
                 normalTextureParam.SetValue(value);
                 normalMapEnabled = value != null;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
             }
         }
 
@@ -122,7 +137,70 @@ namespace Kav
             {
                 metallicRoughnessTextureParam.SetValue(value);
                 metallicRoughnessMapEnabled = value != null;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int NumTextureRows
+        {
+            get { return numTextureRows; }
+            set
+            {
+                numTextureRows = value;
+                numTextureRowsParam.SetValue(numTextureRows);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int NumTextureColumns
+        {
+            get { return numTextureColumns; }
+            set
+            {
+                numTextureColumns = value;
+                numTextureColumnsParam.SetValue(numTextureColumns);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Vector2 UVOffset
+        {
+            get { return uvOffset; }
+            set
+            {
+                uvOffset = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Vector2 SubTextureDimensions
+        {
+            get { return subTextureDimensions; }
+            set
+            {
+                subTextureDimensions = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool IsSprite
+        {
+            get { return isSprite; }
+            set
+            {
+                isSprite = value;
+                isSpriteParam.SetValue(isSprite ? 1f : 0f);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool HardwareInstancingEnabled
+        {
+            get { return hardwareInstancingEnabled; }
+            set
+            {
+                if (value != hardwareInstancingEnabled)
+                {
+                    hardwareInstancingEnabled = value;
+                    dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.VertexShaderIndex;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -159,30 +237,40 @@ namespace Kav
             {
                 worldParam.SetValue(world);
 
-                Matrix.Invert(ref world, out Matrix worldInverse);
-                Matrix.Transpose(ref worldInverse, out Matrix worldInverseTranspose);
-                worldInverseTransposeParam.SetValue(worldInverseTranspose);
-
                 dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.World;
             }
 
-            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj) != 0)
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj) != 0)
             {
-                Matrix.Multiply(ref world, ref view, out Matrix worldView);
-                Matrix.Multiply(ref worldView, ref projection, out Matrix worldViewProj);
-                worldViewProjectionParam.SetValue(worldViewProj);
+                Matrix.Multiply(ref view, ref projection, out Matrix viewProj);
+                viewProjectionParam.SetValue(viewProj);
 
-                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
             }
 
-            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.EyePosition) != 0)
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions) != 0)
             {
-                Matrix.Invert(ref view, out Matrix inverseView);
+                uvOffsetAndDimensionsParam.SetValue(new Vector4(
+                    UVOffset.X, UVOffset.Y,
+                    SubTextureDimensions.X, SubTextureDimensions.Y
+                ));
 
-                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.EyePosition;
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions;
             }
 
-            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex) != 0)
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.VertexShaderIndex) != 0)
+            {
+                int vertexShaderIndex = 0;
+
+                if (hardwareInstancingEnabled)
+                {
+                    vertexShaderIndex = 1;
+                }
+
+                vertexShaderIndexParam.SetValue(vertexShaderIndex);
+            }
+
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex) != 0)
             {
                 int shaderIndex = 0;
 
@@ -217,15 +305,14 @@ namespace Kav
 
                 shaderIndexParam.SetValue(shaderIndex);
 
-                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
             }
         }
 
         void CacheEffectParameters()
         {
             worldParam = Parameters["World"];
-            worldViewProjectionParam = Parameters["WorldViewProjection"];
-            worldInverseTransposeParam = Parameters["WorldInverseTranspose"];
+            viewProjectionParam = Parameters["ViewProjection"];
 
             albedoTextureParam = Parameters["AlbedoTexture"];
             normalTextureParam = Parameters["NormalTexture"];
@@ -235,7 +322,14 @@ namespace Kav
             metallicParam = Parameters["MetallicValue"];
             roughnessParam = Parameters["RoughnessValue"];
 
-            shaderIndexParam = Parameters["ShaderIndex"];
+            numTextureRowsParam = Parameters["NumTextureRows"];
+            numTextureColumnsParam = Parameters["NumTextureColumns"];
+
+            uvOffsetAndDimensionsParam = Parameters["UVOffsetAndDimensions"];
+            isSpriteParam = Parameters["IsSprite"];
+
+            shaderIndexParam = Parameters["PixelShaderIndex"];
+            vertexShaderIndexParam = Parameters["VertexShaderIndex"];
         }
     }
 }

Effects/DeferredPBR_PointLightEffect.cs

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ namespace Kav
 
         EffectParameter farPlaneParam;
 
+        EffectParameter worldViewProjectionParam;
+
         public Texture2D GPosition { get; set; }
         public Texture2D GAlbedo { get; set; }
         public Texture2D GNormal { get; set; }
@@ -31,6 +33,42 @@ namespace Kav
 
         public float FarPlane { get; set; }
 
+        Matrix world = Matrix.Identity;
+        Matrix view = Matrix.Identity;
+        Matrix projection = Matrix.Identity;
+
+        EffectDirtyFlags dirtyFlags = EffectDirtyFlags.All;
+
+        public Matrix World
+        {
+            get { return world; }
+            set
+            {
+                world = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Matrix View
+        {
+            get { return view; }
+            set
+            {
+                view = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Matrix Projection
+        {
+            get { return projection; }
+            set
+            {
+                projection = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
         public DeferredPBR_PointLightEffect(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) : base(graphicsDevice, Resources.DeferredPBR_PointLightEffect)
         {
             CacheEffectParameters();
@@ -39,7 +77,7 @@ namespace Kav
         public DeferredPBR_PointLightEffect(DeferredPBR_PointLightEffect cloneSource) : base(cloneSource)
         {
             CacheEffectParameters();
-            
+
             GPosition = cloneSource.GPosition;
             GAlbedo = cloneSource.GAlbedo;
             GNormal = cloneSource.GNormal;
@@ -73,6 +111,13 @@ namespace Kav
             pointLightColorParam.SetValue(PointLightColor);
 
             farPlaneParam.SetValue(FarPlane);
+
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj) != 0)
+            {
+                worldViewProjectionParam.SetValue(world * view * projection);
+
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+            }
         }
 
         void CacheEffectParameters()
@@ -89,6 +134,8 @@ namespace Kav
             pointLightColorParam           = Parameters["PointLightColor"];
 
             farPlaneParam                  = Parameters["FarPlane"];
+
+            worldViewProjectionParam       = Parameters["WorldViewProjection"];
         }
     }
 }

Effects/DiffuseLitSpriteEffect.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+using Kav.Data;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public class DiffuseLitSpriteEffect : Effect
+    {
+        EffectParameter ambientColorParam;
+
+        EffectParameter directionalLightDirectionParam;
+        EffectParameter directionalLightColorParam;
+
+        EffectParameter uvOffsetAndDimensionsParam;
+
+        EffectParameter worldParam;
+        EffectParameter worldViewProjectionParam;
+        EffectParameter worldInverseTransposeParam;
+
+        EffectParameter shaderIndexParam;
+
+        Texture2D texture;
+        Texture2D normal;
+
+        bool normalMapEnabled = false;
+
+        Vector3 ambientColor;
+
+        Vector3 directionalLightDirection;
+        Vector3 directionalLightColor;
+
+        Matrix world = Matrix.Identity;
+        Matrix view = Matrix.Identity;
+        Matrix projection = Matrix.Identity;
+
+        Vector2 uvOffset;
+        Vector2 subTextureDimensions;
+
+        EffectDirtyFlags dirtyFlags = EffectDirtyFlags.All;
+
+        public bool NormalMapEnabled
+        {
+            get { return normalMapEnabled; }
+            set
+            {
+                if (normalMapEnabled != value)
+                {
+                    normalMapEnabled = value;
+                    dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Matrix World
+        {
+            get { return world; }
+            set
+            {
+                world = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.World | EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Matrix View
+        {
+            get { return view; }
+            set
+            {
+                view = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj | EffectDirtyFlags.EyePosition;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Matrix Projection
+        {
+            get { return projection; }
+            set
+            {
+                projection = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int MaxPointLights { get; } = 8;
+
+        public Vector3 AmbientColor
+        {
+            get { return ambientColor; }
+            set
+            {
+                ambientColor = value;
+                ambientColorParam.SetValue(ambientColor);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PointLightCollection PointLights { get; private set; }
+
+        public Vector3 DirectionalLightDirection
+        {
+            get { return directionalLightDirection; }
+            set
+            {
+                directionalLightDirection = value;
+                directionalLightDirectionParam.SetValue(directionalLightDirection);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Vector3 DirectionalLightColor
+        {
+            get { return directionalLightColor; }
+            set
+            {
+                directionalLightColor = value;
+                directionalLightColorParam.SetValue(directionalLightColor);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Vector2 UVOffset
+        {
+            get { return uvOffset; }
+            set
+            {
+                uvOffset = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Vector2 SubTextureDimensions
+        {
+            get { return subTextureDimensions; }
+            set
+            {
+                subTextureDimensions = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public DiffuseLitSpriteEffect(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) : base(graphicsDevice, Resources.DiffuseLitSpriteEffect)
+        {
+            CacheEffectParameters();
+
+            PointLights = new PointLightCollection(
+                Parameters["PointLightPositions"],
+                Parameters["PointLightColors"],
+                MaxPointLights
+            );
+        }
+
+        protected override void OnApply()
+        {
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.World) != 0)
+            {
+                worldParam.SetValue(world);
+
+                Matrix.Invert(ref world, out Matrix worldInverse);
+                Matrix.Transpose(ref worldInverse, out Matrix worldInverseTranspose);
+                worldInverseTransposeParam.SetValue(worldInverseTranspose);
+
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.World;
+            }
+
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj) != 0)
+            {
+                Matrix.Multiply(ref world, ref view, out Matrix worldView);
+                Matrix.Multiply(ref worldView, ref projection, out Matrix worldViewProj);
+                worldViewProjectionParam.SetValue(worldViewProj);
+
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+            }
+
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions) != 0)
+            {
+                uvOffsetAndDimensionsParam.SetValue(new Vector4(
+                    UVOffset.X, UVOffset.Y,
+                    SubTextureDimensions.X, SubTextureDimensions.Y
+                ));
+
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.UVOrDimensions;
+            }
+
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex) != 0)
+            {
+                int shaderIndex = 0;
+
+                if (normalMapEnabled)
+                {
+                    shaderIndex = 1;
+                }
+
+                shaderIndexParam.SetValue(shaderIndex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CacheEffectParameters()
+        {
+            worldParam = Parameters["World"];
+            worldViewProjectionParam = Parameters["WorldViewProjection"];
+            worldInverseTransposeParam = Parameters["WorldInverseTranspose"];
+
+            ambientColorParam = Parameters["AmbientColor"];
+
+            directionalLightDirectionParam = Parameters["DirectionalLightDirection"];
+            directionalLightColorParam = Parameters["DirectionalLightColor"];
+
+            uvOffsetAndDimensionsParam = Parameters["UVOffsetAndDimensions"];
+
+            shaderIndexParam = Parameters["ShaderIndex"];
+        }
+    }
+}

Effects/EffectHelpers.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ namespace Kav
         WorldViewProj = 1,
         World = 2,
         EyePosition = 4,
-        ShaderIndex = 8,
+        VertexShaderIndex = 8,
+        PixelShaderIndex = 16,
+        ViewProj = 32,
+        UVOrDimensions = 64,
         All = -1
     }
 }

Effects/HLSL/DeferredPBR_GBufferEffect.fx

@@ -4,17 +4,22 @@ DECLARE_TEXTURE(AlbedoTexture, 0);
 DECLARE_TEXTURE(NormalTexture, 1);
 DECLARE_TEXTURE(MetallicRoughnessTexture, 2);
 
+float4 UVOffsetAndDimensions;
+float IsSprite;
+
 BEGIN_CONSTANTS
 
     float3 AlbedoValue                         _ps(c0)    _cb(c0);
     float MetallicValue                        _ps(c1)    _cb(c1);
     float RoughnessValue                       _ps(c2)    _cb(c2);
 
+    int NumTextureRows              _vs(c9)               _cb(c3);
+    int NumTextureColumns           _vs(c10)              _cb(c4);
+
 MATRIX_CONSTANTS
 
     float4x4 World                  _vs(c0)               _cb(c7);
-    float4x4 WorldInverseTranspose  _vs(c4)               _cb(c11);
-    float4x4 WorldViewProjection    _vs(c8)               _cb(c15);
+    float4x4 ViewProjection         _vs(c4)               _cb(c11);
 
 END_CONSTANTS
 
@@ -22,7 +27,7 @@ struct VertexInput
 {
     float4 Position : POSITION;
     float3 Normal   : NORMAL;
-    float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD0;
+    float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD;
 };
 
 struct PixelInput
@@ -48,9 +53,44 @@ PixelInput main_vs(VertexInput input)
     PixelInput output;
 
     output.PositionWorld = mul(input.Position, World).xyz;
-    output.NormalWorld = mul(input.Normal, (float3x3)WorldInverseTranspose).xyz;
-    output.TexCoord = input.TexCoord;
-    output.Position = mul(input.Position, WorldViewProjection);
+    output.NormalWorld = normalize(mul(input.Normal, World));
+
+    float2 texCoord;
+    texCoord.x = (input.TexCoord.x * UVOffsetAndDimensions.z) + UVOffsetAndDimensions.x;
+    texCoord.y = (input.TexCoord.y * UVOffsetAndDimensions.w) + UVOffsetAndDimensions.y;
+    output.TexCoord = texCoord;
+
+    float4x4 worldViewProjection = mul(World, ViewProjection);
+    output.Position = mul(input.Position, worldViewProjection);
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+PixelInput instanced_vs(
+    VertexInput input,
+    float3 Translation : TEXCOORD2,
+    float2 UVOffset    : TEXCOORD5
+) {
+    PixelInput output;
+
+    float4x4 world = float4x4(
+        float4(1, 0, 0, 0),
+        float4(0, 1, 0, 0),
+        float4(0, 0, 1, 0),
+        float4(Translation.x, Translation.y, Translation.z, 1)
+    );
+
+    float4x4 worldViewProjection = mul(world, ViewProjection);
+
+    output.PositionWorld = mul(input.Position, world);
+    output.NormalWorld = mul(input.Normal, world);
+
+    float2 texCoord;
+    texCoord.x = (input.TexCoord.x / NumTextureColumns + UVOffset.x);
+    texCoord.y = (input.TexCoord.y / NumTextureRows + UVOffset.y);
+    output.TexCoord = texCoord;
+
+    output.Position = mul(input.Position, worldViewProjection);
 
     return output;
 }
@@ -80,7 +120,7 @@ PixelOutput NonePS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = float4(AlbedoValue, 1.0);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = float4(MetallicValue, RoughnessValue, 0.0, 1.0);
 
@@ -92,10 +132,12 @@ PixelOutput AlbedoPS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(AlbedoTexture, input.TexCoord);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = float4(MetallicValue, RoughnessValue, 0.0, 1.0);
 
+    if (output.gAlbedo.a == 0.0) { discard; }
+
     return output;
 }
 
@@ -104,7 +146,7 @@ PixelOutput MetallicRoughnessPS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = float4(AlbedoValue, 1.0);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(MetallicRoughnessTexture, input.TexCoord);
 
@@ -116,7 +158,7 @@ PixelOutput NormalPS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = float4(AlbedoValue, 1.0);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = float4(MetallicValue, RoughnessValue, 0.0, 1.0);
 
@@ -128,10 +170,12 @@ PixelOutput AlbedoMetallicRoughnessPS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(normalize(input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(AlbedoTexture, input.TexCoord);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(MetallicRoughnessTexture, input.TexCoord);
 
+    if (output.gAlbedo.a == 0.0) { discard; }
+
     return output;
 }
 
@@ -140,10 +184,12 @@ PixelOutput AlbedoNormalPS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(AlbedoTexture, input.TexCoord);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = float4(MetallicValue, RoughnessValue, 0.0, 1.0);
 
+    if (output.gAlbedo.a == 0.0) { discard; }
+
     return output;
 }
 
@@ -152,7 +198,7 @@ PixelOutput MetallicRoughnessNormalPS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = float4(AlbedoValue, 1.0);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(MetallicRoughnessTexture, input.TexCoord);
 
@@ -164,13 +210,28 @@ PixelOutput AlbedoMetallicRoughnessNormalMapPS(PixelInput input)
     PixelOutput output;
 
     output.gPosition = float4(input.PositionWorld, 1.0);
-    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), 1.0);
+    output.gNormal = float4(GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWorld, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWorld), IsSprite);
     output.gAlbedo = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(AlbedoTexture, input.TexCoord);
     output.gMetallicRoughness = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(MetallicRoughnessTexture, input.TexCoord);
 
+    if (output.gAlbedo.a == 0.0) { discard; }
+
     return output;
 }
 
+VertexShader VSArray[2] =
+{
+    compile vs_3_0 main_vs(),
+    compile vs_3_0 instanced_vs()
+};
+
+int VSIndices[2] =
+{
+    0, 1
+};
+
+int VertexShaderIndex = 0;
+
 PixelShader PSArray[8] =
 {
     compile ps_3_0 NonePS(),
@@ -191,13 +252,13 @@ int PSIndices[8] =
     0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 };
 
-int ShaderIndex = 0;
+int PixelShaderIndex = 0;
 
 Technique GBuffer
 {
     Pass
     {
-        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 main_vs();
-        PixelShader = (PSArray[PSIndices[ShaderIndex]]);
+        VertexShader = (VSArray[VSIndices[VertexShaderIndex]]);
+        PixelShader  = (PSArray[PSIndices[PixelShaderIndex]]);
     }
 }

Effects/HLSL/DeferredPBR_PointLightEffect.fx

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+// Assumes you are drawing a sphere!!
+
 #include "Macros.fxh" //from FNA
-#include "Lighting.fxh" 
+#include "Lighting.fxh"
 #include "Shadow.fxh"
 
 DECLARE_TEXTURE(gPosition, 0);
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ DECLARE_CUBEMAP(shadowMap, 4);
 BEGIN_CONSTANTS
 
     float3 EyePosition                      _ps(c0)     _cb(c0);
-    
+
     float3 PointLightPosition               _ps(c1)     _cb(c1);
     float3 PointLightColor                  _ps(c2)     _cb(c2);
 
@@ -19,27 +21,28 @@ BEGIN_CONSTANTS
 
 MATRIX_CONSTANTS
 
+    float4x4 WorldViewProjection _vs(c0)                _cb(c4);
+
 END_CONSTANTS
 
 struct VertexInput
 {
     float4 Position : POSITION;
-    float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD;
 };
 
 struct PixelInput
 {
     float4 Position : SV_POSITION;
-    float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD0;
+    float4 ScreenPosition : TEXCOORD0;
 };
 
 PixelInput main_vs(VertexInput input)
 {
     PixelInput output;
 
-    output.Position = input.Position;
-    output.TexCoord = input.TexCoord;
-    
+    output.Position = mul(input.Position, WorldViewProjection);
+    output.ScreenPosition = output.Position;
+
     return output;
 }
 
@@ -73,18 +76,36 @@ float4 ComputeColor(
 
 float4 main_ps(PixelInput input) : SV_TARGET0
 {
-    float3 worldPosition = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gPosition, input.TexCoord).rgb;
-    float3 normal = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gNormal, input.TexCoord).xyz;
-    float3 albedo = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gAlbedo, input.TexCoord).rgb;
-    float2 metallicRoughness = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gMetallicRoughness, input.TexCoord).rg;
+    input.ScreenPosition.xy /= input.ScreenPosition.w;
+    float2 texCoord = 0.5f * float2(input.ScreenPosition.x,-input.ScreenPosition.y) + 0.5f;
 
-    return ComputeColor(
-        worldPosition,
-        normal,
-        albedo,
-        metallicRoughness.r,
-        metallicRoughness.g
-    );
+    float3 worldPosition = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gPosition, texCoord).rgb;
+    float4 normalSample = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gNormal, texCoord);
+    float3 normal = normalSample.xyz;
+    float isSprite = normalSample.a;
+    float3 albedo = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gAlbedo, texCoord).rgb;
+    float2 metallicRoughness = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(gMetallicRoughness, texCoord).rg;
+
+    if (isSprite == 1.0)
+    {
+        float3 lightDir = PointLightPosition - worldPosition;
+        float3 L = normalize(lightDir);
+        float distance = length(lightDir);
+        float attenuation = 1.0 / (distance * distance);
+        float3 radiance = PointLightColor * attenuation;
+
+        return float4(albedo * radiance * 0.1, 1.0);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return ComputeColor(
+            worldPosition,
+            normal,
+            albedo,
+            metallicRoughness.r,
+            metallicRoughness.g
+        );
+    }
 }
 
 Technique DeferredPBR_Point

Effects/HLSL/DiffuseLitSpriteEffect.fx

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#include "Macros.fxh" //from FNA
+
+// Effect applies normalmapped lighting to a 2D sprite.
+
+DECLARE_TEXTURE(Texture, 0);
+DECLARE_TEXTURE(Normal, 1);
+
+float3 AmbientColor;
+
+float3 PointLightPositions[8];
+float3 PointLightColors[8];
+
+float3 DirectionalLightDirection;
+float3 DirectionalLightColor;
+
+float4 UVOffsetAndDimensions;
+
+float4x4 WorldInverseTranspose;
+float4x4 World;
+float4x4 WorldViewProjection;
+
+struct VertexShaderInput
+{
+    float4 Position : POSITION;
+    float3 Normal   : NORMAL;
+    float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+struct PixelShaderInput
+{
+    float4 Position     : SV_Position;
+    float2 TexCoord     : TEXCOORD0;
+    float3 NormalWS     : TEXCOORD1;
+    float3 PositionWS   : TEXCOORD2;
+};
+
+PixelShaderInput main_vs(VertexShaderInput input)
+{
+    PixelShaderInput output;
+
+    output.Position = mul(input.Position, WorldViewProjection);
+    output.NormalWS = normalize(mul(input.Normal, (float3x3)WorldInverseTranspose));
+    output.PositionWS = mul(input.Position, World).xyz;
+
+    float2 texCoord;
+    texCoord.x = (input.TexCoord.x * UVOffsetAndDimensions.z) + UVOffsetAndDimensions.x;
+    texCoord.y = (input.TexCoord.y * UVOffsetAndDimensions.w) + UVOffsetAndDimensions.y;
+    output.TexCoord = texCoord;
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+// Easy trick to get tangent-normals to world-space to keep PBR code simplified.
+float3 GetNormalFromMap(float3 worldPos, float2 texCoords, float3 normal)
+{
+    float3 tangentNormal = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(Normal, texCoords).xyz * 2.0 - 1.0;
+
+    float3 Q1  = ddx(worldPos);
+    float3 Q2  = ddy(worldPos);
+    float2 st1 = ddx(texCoords);
+    float2 st2 = ddy(texCoords);
+
+    float3 N   = normalize(normal);
+    float3 T  = normalize(Q1*st2.y - Q2*st1.y);
+    float3 B  = -normalize(cross(N, T));
+    float3x3 TBN = float3x3(T, B, N);
+
+    return normalize(mul(tangentNormal, TBN));
+}
+
+float4 LightColor(float3 worldPosition, float3 worldNormal)
+{
+    float3 lightColor = float3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+
+    // point lights
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+    {
+        float3 lightVec = PointLightPositions[i] - worldPosition;
+        float distance = length(lightVec);
+
+        float3 lightDir = normalize(lightVec);
+        float diffuse = max(dot(worldNormal, lightDir), 0.0);
+        float3 attenuation = 1.0 / (distance * distance);
+
+        lightColor += diffuse * attenuation * PointLightColors[i];
+    }
+
+    // directional light
+    float directionalDiffuse = max(dot(worldNormal, DirectionalLightDirection), 0.0);
+    lightColor += directionalDiffuse * DirectionalLightColor;
+
+    // ambient light
+    lightColor += AmbientColor;
+
+    return float4(lightColor, 1.0);
+}
+
+float4 WithoutNormalMap(PixelShaderInput input) : COLOR0
+{
+    float4 tex = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(Texture, input.TexCoord);
+
+    if (tex.a == 0.0) { discard; }
+
+    float3 normalWS = normalize(input.NormalWS);
+
+    return tex * LightColor(input.PositionWS, normalWS);
+}
+
+float4 WithNormalMap(PixelShaderInput input) : COLOR0
+{
+    float4 tex = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(Texture, input.TexCoord);
+
+    if (tex.a == 0.0) { discard; }
+
+    float3 normalWS = GetNormalFromMap(input.PositionWS, input.TexCoord, input.NormalWS);
+
+    return tex * LightColor(input.PositionWS, normalWS);
+}
+
+PixelShader PSArray[2] =
+{
+    compile ps_3_0 WithoutNormalMap(),
+    compile ps_3_0 WithNormalMap()
+};
+
+int PSIndices[2] =
+{
+    0, 1
+};
+
+int ShaderIndex = 0;
+
+Technique DiffuseLitSprite
+{
+    pass
+    {
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 main_vs();
+        PixelShader = (PSArray[PSIndices[ShaderIndex]]);
+    }
+}

Effects/HLSL/LinearDepthEffectInstanced.fx

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include "Macros.fxh"
+
+BEGIN_CONSTANTS
+
+    float4x4 ViewProjection    _vs(c4)             _cb(c4);
+
+    float3 LightPosition                 _ps(c0)   _cb(c8);
+    float FarPlane                       _ps(c1)   _cb(c9);
+
+END_CONSTANTS
+
+struct VertexShaderInput
+{
+    float4 Position : POSITION;
+};
+
+struct VertexShaderOutput
+{
+    float4 Position : SV_Position;
+    float3 PositionWorld : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+VertexShaderOutput instanced_vs(VertexShaderInput input, float3 Translation : TEXCOORD2)
+{
+    VertexShaderOutput output;
+
+    float4x4 world = float4x4(
+        float4(1, 0, 0, 0),
+        float4(0, 1, 0, 0),
+        float4(0, 0, 1, 0),
+        float4(Translation.x, Translation.y, Translation.z, 1)
+    );
+
+    float4x4 worldViewProjection = mul(world, ViewProjection);
+    output.Position = mul(input.Position, worldViewProjection);
+    output.Position.x *= -1; // otherwise cube map render will be horizontally flipped
+    output.PositionWorld = mul(input.Position, world);
+    return output;
+}
+
+float4 main_ps(VertexShaderOutput input) : SV_TARGET0
+{
+    float lightDistance = length(input.PositionWorld - LightPosition);
+    lightDistance /= FarPlane;
+    return float4(lightDistance, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+}
+
+Technique SimpleDepth
+{
+    Pass
+    {
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 instanced_vs();
+        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 main_ps();
+    }
+}

Effects/HLSL/PaletteCrushEffect.fx

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#include "Macros.fxh"
+
+DECLARE_TEXTURE(Texture, 0);
+DECLARE_TEXTURE(Palette, 1);
+
+BEGIN_CONSTANTS
+
+	int PaletteWidth   _ps(c0)   _cb(c0);
+
+END_CONSTANTS
+
+struct VertexInput
+{
+	float4 Position : POSITION;
+	float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD;
+};
+
+struct PixelInput
+{
+	float4 Position : SV_POSITION;
+	float2 TexCoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+PixelInput main_vs(VertexInput input)
+{
+	PixelInput output;
+
+	output.Position = input.Position;
+	output.TexCoord = input.TexCoord;
+
+	return output;
+}
+
+float4 main_ps(PixelInput input) : SV_TARGET0
+{
+	float4 sampled = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(Texture, input.TexCoord);
+
+	float3 sampled_color = sampled.rgb;
+	
+	float3 closest_color = float3(0, 0, 0);
+	float closest_dist = 100000;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < PaletteWidth; i++)
+	{
+		float texX = (i / (float)PaletteWidth);
+		float3 palette_color = SAMPLE_TEXTURE(Palette, float2(texX, 0));
+		float dist = distance(palette_color, sampled_color);
+		if (dist < closest_dist)
+		{
+			closest_dist = dist;
+			closest_color = palette_color;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return float4(closest_color, sampled.a);
+}
+
+Technique PaletteCrush
+{
+	Pass
+	{
+		VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 main_vs();
+		PixelShader = compile ps_3_0 main_ps();
+	}
+}

Effects/HLSL/SimpleDepthEffect.fx

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 
 BEGIN_CONSTANTS
 
-    float4x4 ModelViewProjection    _vs(c0)             _cb(c0);
-
 MATRIX_CONSTANTS
 
+    float4x4 World             _vs(c0)             _cb(c0);
+    float4x4 ViewProjection    _vs(c4)             _cb(c4);
+
 END_CONSTANTS
 
 struct VertexShaderInput
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ struct VertexShaderInput
 
 struct VertexShaderOutput
 {
-    float4 Position : SV_Position;
+    float4 Position : SV_POSITION;
     float Depth : TEXCOORD0;
 };
 
@@ -23,7 +24,8 @@ VertexShaderOutput main_vs(VertexShaderInput input)
 {
     VertexShaderOutput output;
 
-    output.Position = mul(input.Position, ModelViewProjection);
+    float4x4 worldViewProjection = mul(World, ViewProjection);
+    output.Position = mul(input.Position, worldViewProjection);
     output.Depth = output.Position.z / output.Position.w;
 
     return output;

Effects/HLSL/SimpleDepthEffectInstanced.fx

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+float4x4 ViewProjection;
+
+struct VertexShaderInput
+{
+    float4 Position : POSITION;
+};
+
+struct VertexShaderOutput
+{
+    float4 Position : POSITION0;
+    float4 ProjectedPosition : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+VertexShaderOutput instanced_vs(VertexShaderInput input, float3 Translation : TEXCOORD2)
+{
+    VertexShaderOutput output;
+    
+    float4x4 world = float4x4(
+        float4(1, 0, 0, 0),
+        float4(0, 1, 0, 0),
+        float4(0, 0, 1, 0),
+        float4(Translation.x, Translation.y, Translation.z, 1)
+    );
+
+    float4x4 worldViewProjection = mul(world, ViewProjection);
+
+    output.Position = mul(input.Position, worldViewProjection);
+    output.ProjectedPosition = output.Position;
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+float4 main_ps(VertexShaderOutput input) : COLOR0
+{
+    return float4(input.ProjectedPosition.z / input.ProjectedPosition.w, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+}
+
+Technique SimpleDepth
+{
+    Pass
+    {
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 instanced_vs();
+        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 main_ps();
+    }
+}

Effects/LinearDepthEffect.cs

@@ -3,28 +3,28 @@ using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
 
 namespace Kav
 {
-    public class LinearDepthEffect : Effect
+    public class LinearDepthEffect : Effect, IHasWorldMatrix
     {
-        EffectParameter modelParam;
-        EffectParameter modelViewProjectionParam;
+        EffectParameter worldParam;
+        EffectParameter worldViewProjectionParam;
         EffectParameter lightPositionParam;
         EffectParameter farPlaneParam;
 
         EffectDirtyFlags dirtyFlags = EffectDirtyFlags.All;
 
-        Matrix model;
+        Matrix world;
         Matrix view;
         Matrix projection;
 
         public Vector3 LightPosition { get; set; }
         public float FarPlane { get; set; }
 
-        public Matrix Model
+        public Matrix World
         {
-            get { return model; }
+            get { return world; }
             set
             {
-                model = value;
+                world = value;
                 dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.World;
                 dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
             }
@@ -60,16 +60,16 @@ namespace Kav
             if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj) != 0)
             {
                 Matrix.Multiply(ref view, ref projection, out Matrix viewProjection);
-                Matrix.Multiply(ref model, ref viewProjection, out Matrix worldViewProj);
+                Matrix.Multiply(ref world, ref viewProjection, out Matrix worldViewProj);
 
-                modelViewProjectionParam.SetValue(worldViewProj);
+                worldViewProjectionParam.SetValue(worldViewProj);
 
                 dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
             }
 
             if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.World) != 0)
             {
-                modelParam.SetValue(model);
+                worldParam.SetValue(world);
                 
                 dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.World;
             }
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ namespace Kav
 
         private void CacheEffectParameters()
         {
-            modelParam               = Parameters["Model"];
-            modelViewProjectionParam = Parameters["ModelViewProjection"];
+            worldParam               = Parameters["Model"];
+            worldViewProjectionParam = Parameters["ModelViewProjection"];
 
             lightPositionParam       = Parameters["LightPosition"];
             farPlaneParam            = Parameters["FarPlane"];

Effects/LinearDepthEffectInstanced.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public class LinearDepthEffectInstanced : Effect
+    {
+        EffectParameter viewProjectionParam;
+        EffectParameter lightPositionParam;
+        EffectParameter farPlaneParam;
+
+        EffectDirtyFlags dirtyFlags = EffectDirtyFlags.All;
+
+        Matrix view;
+        Matrix projection;
+
+        public Vector3 LightPosition { get; set; }
+        public float FarPlane { get; set; }
+
+        public Matrix View
+        {
+            get { return view; }
+            set
+            {
+                view = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Matrix Projection
+        {
+            get { return projection; }
+            set
+            {
+                projection = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public LinearDepthEffectInstanced(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) : base(graphicsDevice, Resources.LinearDepthEffectInstanced)
+        {
+            CacheEffectParameters();
+        }
+
+        protected override void OnApply()
+        {
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj) != 0)
+            {
+                Matrix.Multiply(ref view, ref projection, out Matrix viewProjection);
+                viewProjectionParam.SetValue(viewProjection);
+
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
+            }
+
+            lightPositionParam.SetValue(LightPosition);
+            farPlaneParam.SetValue(FarPlane);
+        }
+
+        private void CacheEffectParameters()
+        {
+            viewProjectionParam      = Parameters["ViewProjection"];
+
+            lightPositionParam       = Parameters["LightPosition"];
+            farPlaneParam            = Parameters["FarPlane"];
+        }
+    }
+}

Effects/PBREffect.cs

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ namespace Kav
             {
                 albedoTextureParam.SetValue(value);
                 albedoTextureEnabled = value != null;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
             }
         }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ namespace Kav
             {
                 normalTextureParam.SetValue(value);
                 normalMapEnabled = value != null;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
             }
         }
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ namespace Kav
             {
                 metallicRoughnessTextureParam.SetValue(value);
                 metallicRoughnessMapEnabled = value != null;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
             }
         }
 
@@ -197,45 +197,6 @@ namespace Kav
             );
         }
 
-        protected PBREffect(PBREffect cloneSource) : base(cloneSource)
-        {
-            CacheEffectParameters();
-
-            World = cloneSource.World;
-            View = cloneSource.View;
-            Projection = cloneSource.Projection;
-
-            PointLights = new PointLightCollection(
-                Parameters["LightPositions"],
-                Parameters["PositionLightColors"],
-                MaxPointLights
-            );
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < MaxPointLights; i++)
-            {
-                PointLights[i] = cloneSource.PointLights[i];
-            }
-
-            AlbedoTexture = cloneSource.AlbedoTexture;
-            NormalTexture = cloneSource.NormalTexture;
-            EmissionTexture = cloneSource.EmissionTexture;
-            OcclusionTexture = cloneSource.OcclusionTexture;
-            MetallicRoughnessTexture = cloneSource.MetallicRoughnessTexture;
-            EnvDiffuseTexture = cloneSource.EnvDiffuseTexture;
-            BRDFLutTexture = cloneSource.BRDFLutTexture;
-            EnvSpecularTexture = cloneSource.EnvSpecularTexture;
-
-            Albedo = cloneSource.Albedo;
-            Metallic = cloneSource.Metallic;
-            Roughness = cloneSource.Roughness;
-            AO = cloneSource.AO;
-        }
-
-        public override Effect Clone()
-        {
-            return new PBREffect(this);
-        }
-
         protected override void OnApply()
         {
             if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.World) != 0)
@@ -266,7 +227,7 @@ namespace Kav
                 dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.EyePosition;
             }
 
-            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex) != 0)
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex) != 0)
             {
                 int shaderIndex = 0;
 
@@ -301,7 +262,7 @@ namespace Kav
 
                 shaderIndexParam.SetValue(shaderIndex);
 
-                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.ShaderIndex;
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.PixelShaderIndex;
             }
         }
 

Effects/PaletteCrushEffect.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public class PaletteCrushEffect : Effect
+    {
+        EffectParameter textureParam;
+        EffectParameter paletteParam;
+        EffectParameter paletteWidthParam;
+
+        Texture2D texture;
+        Texture2D palette;
+
+        int paletteWidth;
+
+        public Texture2D Texture
+        {
+            get { return texture; }
+            set 
+            { 
+                texture = value;
+                textureParam.SetValue(texture); 
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Texture2D Palette
+        {
+            get { return palette; }
+            set
+            {
+                palette = value;
+                paletteWidth = palette.Width;
+                paletteParam.SetValue(palette);
+                paletteWidthParam.SetValue(paletteWidth);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PaletteCrushEffect(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) : base(graphicsDevice, Resources.PaletteCrushEffect)
+        {
+            CacheEffectParameters();
+        }
+
+        void CacheEffectParameters()
+        {
+            textureParam = Parameters["Texture"];
+            paletteParam = Parameters["Palette"];
+
+            paletteWidthParam = Parameters["PaletteWidth"];
+        }
+    }
+}

Effects/PointLightCollection.cs

@@ -7,41 +7,24 @@ namespace Kav
     {
         private readonly Vector3[] positions;
         private readonly Vector3[] colors;
-        private readonly float[] intensities;
 
         readonly EffectParameter lightPositionsParam;
         readonly EffectParameter lightColorsParam;
 
         public PointLightCollection(EffectParameter lightPositionsParam, EffectParameter lightColorsParam, int maxLights)
         {
-            this.positions = new Vector3[maxLights];
-            this.colors = new Vector3[maxLights];
-            this.intensities = new float[maxLights];
+            positions = new Vector3[maxLights];
+            colors = new Vector3[maxLights];
             this.lightPositionsParam = lightPositionsParam;
             this.lightColorsParam = lightColorsParam;
         }
 
         public PointLight this[int i]
         {
-            get
-            {
-                var color = colors[i] / intensities[i];
-                return new PointLight(
-                    positions[i],
-                    new Color(
-                        color.X,
-                        color.Y,
-                        color.Z,
-                        1f
-                    ),
-                    intensities[i]
-                );
-            }
             set
             {
                 positions[i] = value.Position;
-                colors[i] = value.Color.ToVector3() * value.Intensity;
-                intensities[i] = value.Intensity;
+                colors[i] = value.Color.ToVector3() * value.Radius;
                 lightPositionsParam.SetValue(positions);
                 lightColorsParam.SetValue(colors);
             }

Effects/SimpleDepthEffect.cs

@@ -3,23 +3,24 @@ using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
 
 namespace Kav
 {
-    public class SimpleDepthEffect : Effect
+    public class SimpleDepthEffect : Effect, IHasWorldMatrix
     {
-        EffectParameter modelViewProjectionParam;
+        EffectParameter worldParam;
+        EffectParameter viewProjectionParam;
 
-        Matrix model;
+        Matrix world;
         Matrix view;
         Matrix projection;
 
         EffectDirtyFlags dirtyFlags = EffectDirtyFlags.All;
 
-        public Matrix Model
+        public Matrix World
         {
-            get { return model; }
+            get { return world; }
             set
             {
-                model = value;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+                world = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.World;
             }
         }
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ namespace Kav
             set
             {
                 view = value;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
             }
         }
 
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ namespace Kav
             set
             {
                 projection = value;
-                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
             }
         }
 
@@ -50,20 +51,26 @@ namespace Kav
 
         protected override void OnApply()
         {
-            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj) != 0)
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.World) != 0)
+            {
+                worldParam.SetValue(world);
+
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.World;
+            }
+
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj) != 0)
             {
                 Matrix.Multiply(ref view, ref projection, out Matrix viewProjection);
-                Matrix.Multiply(ref model, ref viewProjection, out Matrix worldViewProj);
+                viewProjectionParam.SetValue(viewProjection);
 
-                modelViewProjectionParam.SetValue(worldViewProj);
-
-                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.WorldViewProj;
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
             }
         }
 
         private void CacheEffectParameters()
         {
-            modelViewProjectionParam = Parameters["ModelViewProjection"];
+            worldParam = Parameters["World"];
+            viewProjectionParam = Parameters["ViewProjection"];
         }
     }
 }

Effects/SimpleDepthEffectInstanced.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public class SimpleDepthEffectInstanced : Effect
+    {
+        EffectParameter viewProjectionParam;
+
+        Matrix view;
+        Matrix projection;
+
+        EffectDirtyFlags dirtyFlags = EffectDirtyFlags.All;
+
+        public Matrix View
+        {
+            get { return view; }
+            set
+            {
+                view = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Matrix Projection
+        {
+            get { return projection; }
+            set
+            {
+                projection = value;
+                dirtyFlags |= EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public SimpleDepthEffectInstanced(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice) : base(graphicsDevice, Resources.SimpleDepthEffectInstanced)
+        {
+            CacheEffectParameters();
+        }
+
+        protected override void OnApply()
+        {
+            if ((dirtyFlags & EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj) != 0)
+            {
+                Matrix.Multiply(ref view, ref projection, out Matrix viewProjection);
+                viewProjectionParam.SetValue(viewProjection);
+
+                dirtyFlags &= ~EffectDirtyFlags.ViewProj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CacheEffectParameters()
+        {
+            viewProjectionParam = Parameters["ViewProjection"];
+        }
+    }
+}

Enums/SpriteBillboardConstraint.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public enum SpriteBillboardConstraint
+    {
+        None,
+        Horizontal,
+        Full
+    }
+}

Geometry/Interfaces/ICullable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public interface ICullable
+    {
+        BoundingBox BoundingBox { get; }
+    }
+}

Geometry/Interfaces/IGBufferDrawable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public interface IGBufferDrawable
+    {
+        Vector3 Albedo { get; }
+        float Metallic { get; }
+        float Roughness { get; }
+
+        Texture2D AlbedoTexture { get; }
+        Texture2D NormalTexture { get; }
+        Texture2D MetallicRoughnessTexture { get; }
+
+        int NumTextureRows { get; }
+        int NumTextureColumns { get; }
+    }
+}

Geometry/Interfaces/IHasVertexPositions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public interface IHasVertexPositions
+    {
+        Vector3[] Positions { get; }
+    }
+}

Geometry/Interfaces/IIndexDrawable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public interface IIndexDrawable
+    {
+        VertexBuffer VertexBuffer { get; }
+        IndexBuffer IndexBuffer { get; }
+    }
+}

Geometry/Interfaces/ITransformable.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public interface ITransformable
+    {
+        Matrix TransformMatrix { get; }
+    }
+}

Geometry/MeshPart.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
 
 namespace Kav
 {
-    public class MeshPart
+    public class MeshPart : IIndexDrawable, IGBufferDrawable, ICullable, IHasVertexPositions
     {
         public IndexBuffer IndexBuffer { get; }
         public VertexBuffer VertexBuffer { get; }
@@ -11,33 +11,36 @@ namespace Kav
         public Vector3[] Positions { get; }
 
         public BoundingBox BoundingBox { get; }
-        
+
         private Texture2D albedoTexture = null;
         private Texture2D normalTexture = null;
         private Texture2D metallicRoughnessTexture = null;
 
-        public Texture2D AlbedoTexture 
-        { 
+        public Texture2D AlbedoTexture
+        {
             get { return DisableAlbedoMap ? null : albedoTexture; }
             set { albedoTexture = value; }
         }
 
-        public Texture2D NormalTexture 
-        { 
-            get { return DisableNormalMap ? null : normalTexture; } 
+        public Texture2D NormalTexture
+        {
+            get { return DisableNormalMap ? null : normalTexture; }
             set { normalTexture = value; }
         }
 
-        public Texture2D MetallicRoughnessTexture 
-        { 
+        public Texture2D MetallicRoughnessTexture
+        {
             get { return DisableMetallicRoughnessMap ? null : metallicRoughnessTexture; }
-            set { metallicRoughnessTexture = value; } 
+            set { metallicRoughnessTexture = value; }
         }
 
         public Vector3 Albedo { get; set; } = Vector3.One;
         public float Metallic { get; set; } = 0.5f;
         public float Roughness { get; set; } = 0.5f;
 
+        public int NumTextureRows { get; set; } = 1;
+        public int NumTextureColumns { get; set; } = 1;
+
         public bool DisableAlbedoMap { get; set; } = false;
         public bool DisableNormalMap { get; set; } = false;
         public bool DisableMetallicRoughnessMap { get; set; } = false;

Geometry/Model.cs

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
 
 namespace Kav
 {
-    public class Model
+    public class Model : ICullable
     {
         public Mesh[] Meshes { get; }
         public BoundingBox BoundingBox { get; }
 
-        public Color Albedo 
-        { 
-            set 
+        public Color Albedo
+        {
+            set
             {
                 foreach (var mesh in Meshes)
                 {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace Kav
                         meshPart.Metallic = value;
                     }
                 }
-            }   
+            }
         }
 
         public float Roughness
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace Kav
                         meshPart.Roughness = value;
                     }
                 }
-            }   
+            }
         }
 
         public Model(Mesh[] meshes)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace Kav
                 }
             }
         }
-        
+
         public void DisableMetallicRoughnessMaps()
         {
             foreach (var mesh in Meshes)

Geometry/Sprite.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public struct Sprite
+    {
+        public Texture2D Texture { get; }
+        public Vector3 Position { get; }
+        public Vector2 Origin { get; }
+        public float Rotation { get; }
+        public Vector2 Scale { get; }
+        public SpriteBillboardConstraint BillboardConstraint { get; }
+
+        public Matrix TransformMatrix { get; }
+
+        public Sprite(
+            Texture2D texture,
+            Vector3 position,
+            Vector2 origin,
+            float rotation,
+            Vector2 scale,
+            SpriteBillboardConstraint billboardConstraint = SpriteBillboardConstraint.None
+        ) {
+            Texture = texture;
+            Position = position;
+            Origin = origin;
+            Rotation = rotation;
+            Scale = scale;
+            BillboardConstraint = billboardConstraint;
+            TransformMatrix = ConstructTransformMatrix(Position, Scale);
+        }
+
+        public Sprite(
+            Texture2D texture,
+            Vector3 position,
+            SpriteBillboardConstraint billboardConstraint = SpriteBillboardConstraint.None
+        ) {
+            Texture = texture;
+            Position = position;
+            Origin = Vector2.Zero;
+            Rotation = 0;
+            Scale = Vector2.One;
+            BillboardConstraint = billboardConstraint;
+            TransformMatrix = ConstructTransformMatrix(Position, Scale);
+        }
+
+        private static Matrix ConstructTransformMatrix(
+            Vector3 position,
+            Vector2 scale
+        ) {
+            return
+                Matrix.CreateTranslation(position) *
+                Matrix.CreateScale(scale.X, scale.Y, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}

Geometry/SpriteMesh.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public class SpriteMesh : ICullable, IIndexDrawable
+    {
+        public enum FlipOptions
+        {
+            None,
+            Horizontal,
+            Vertical,
+            Both
+        }
+
+        private static readonly short[] Indices = new short[]
+        {
+            0,
+            1,
+            2,
+            1,
+            3,
+            2
+        };
+
+        public IndexBuffer IndexBuffer { get; }
+        public VertexBuffer VertexBuffer { get; }
+        public BoundingBox BoundingBox { get; }
+
+        public SpriteMesh(
+            GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice,
+            int width,
+            int height,
+            FlipOptions flipOptions
+        ) {
+			IndexBuffer = new IndexBuffer(
+				graphicsDevice,
+				IndexElementSize.SixteenBits,
+				6,
+				BufferUsage.WriteOnly
+			);
+            IndexBuffer.SetData(Indices);
+
+            var vertexArray = GenerateVertexArray(width, height, flipOptions);
+
+            VertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(
+                graphicsDevice,
+                typeof(VertexPositionNormalTexture),
+                4,
+                BufferUsage.WriteOnly
+            );
+            VertexBuffer.SetData(vertexArray);
+
+            BoundingBox = BoundingBox.CreateFromPoints(Positions(vertexArray));
+        }
+
+        private static VertexPositionNormalTexture[] GenerateVertexArray(int pixelWidth, int pixelHeight, FlipOptions flipOptions)
+        {
+            var width = pixelWidth / (float)40;
+            var height = pixelHeight / (float)40;
+
+            VertexPositionNormalTexture[] result = new VertexPositionNormalTexture[4];
+
+            var xLeft = 0;
+            var xRight = 1;
+
+            var yTop = 0;
+            var yBottom = 1;
+
+            if (flipOptions == FlipOptions.Horizontal || flipOptions == FlipOptions.Both)
+            {
+                xLeft = 1;
+                xRight = 0;
+            }
+            if (flipOptions == FlipOptions.Vertical || flipOptions == FlipOptions.Both)
+            {
+                yTop = 1;
+                yBottom = 0;
+            }
+
+            result[0].Position = new Vector3(-width / 2, height / 2, 0);
+            result[0].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
+            result[0].TextureCoordinate = new Vector2(xLeft, yTop);
+
+            result[1].Position = new Vector3(width / 2, height / 2, 0);
+            result[1].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
+            result[1].TextureCoordinate = new Vector2(xRight, yTop);
+
+            result[2].Position = new Vector3(-width / 2, -height / 2, 0);
+            result[2].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
+            result[2].TextureCoordinate = new Vector2(xLeft, yBottom);
+
+            result[3].Position = new Vector3(width / 2, -height / 2, 0);
+            result[3].Normal = new Vector3(0, 0, -1);
+            result[3].TextureCoordinate = new Vector2(xRight, yBottom);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<Vector3> Positions(IEnumerable<VertexPositionNormalTexture> vertices)
+        {
+            foreach (var vertex in vertices)
+            {
+                yield return vertex.Position;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

Kav.Core.csproj

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 
   <PropertyGroup>
     <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
     <RootNamespace>Kav</RootNamespace>
     <Authors>Evan Hemsley</Authors>
     <Copyright>Evan Hemsley 2020</Copyright>
     <GeneratePackageOnBuild>true</GeneratePackageOnBuild>
     <AssemblyName>Kav</AssemblyName>
+    <Platforms>x64</Platforms>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
@@ -42,15 +44,30 @@
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\SimpleDepthEffect.fxb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.SimpleDepthEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\SimpleDepthEffectInstanced.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.SimpleDepthEffectInstanced.fxb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\LinearDepthEffect.fxb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.LinearDepthEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\LinearDepthEffectInstanced.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.LinearDepthEffectInstanced.fxb</LogicalName>
+    </EmbeddedResource>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\SkyboxEffect.fxb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.SkyboxEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\DiffuseLitSpriteEffect.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.DiffuseLitSpriteEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\PaletteCrushEffect.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.PaletteCrushEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Models\UnitCube.glb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.UnitCube.glb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Models\UnitSphere.glb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.UnitSphere.glb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

Kav.Core.sln

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+# Visual Studio 15
+VisualStudioVersion = 15.0.26124.0
+MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 15.0.26124.0
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Kav", "Kav.Core.csproj", "{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}"
+EndProject
+Global
+	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
+		Debug|x64 = Debug|x64
+		Release|x64 = Release|x64
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
+		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
+		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|x64
+		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|x64
+		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|x64
+		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|x64
+	EndGlobalSection
+EndGlobal

Kav.Framework.csproj

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
     <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
     <RootNamespace>Kav</RootNamespace>
     <Authors>Evan Hemsley</Authors>
     <Copyright>Evan Hemsley 2020</Copyright>
     <GeneratePackageOnBuild>true</GeneratePackageOnBuild>
     <AssemblyName>Kav</AssemblyName>
+    <Platforms>x64;x86</Platforms>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
@@ -42,15 +44,30 @@
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\SimpleDepthEffect.fxb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.SimpleDepthEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\SimpleDepthEffectInstanced.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.SimpleDepthEffectInstanced.fxb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\LinearDepthEffect.fxb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.LinearDepthEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\LinearDepthEffectInstanced.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.LinearDepthEffectInstanced.fxb</LogicalName>
+    </EmbeddedResource>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\SkyboxEffect.fxb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.SkyboxEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\DiffuseLitSpriteEffect.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.DiffuseLitSpriteEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\FXB\PaletteCrushEffect.fxb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.PaletteCrushEffect.fxb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Models\UnitCube.glb">
       <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.UnitCube.glb</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Models\UnitSphere.glb">
+      <LogicalName>Kav.Resources.UnitSphere.glb</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

Kav.Framework.sln

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+# Visual Studio 15
+VisualStudioVersion = 15.0.26124.0
+MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 15.0.26124.0
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Kav.Framework", "Kav.Framework.csproj", "{B46F5438-2EE3-4EB1-9ECD-251D3B3CBD9A}"
+EndProject
+Global
+	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
+		Debug|x64 = Debug|x64
+		Release|x64 = Release|x64
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
+		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
+	EndGlobalSection
+	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
+		{B46F5438-2EE3-4EB1-9ECD-251D3B3CBD9A}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B46F5438-2EE3-4EB1-9ECD-251D3B3CBD9A}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{B46F5438-2EE3-4EB1-9ECD-251D3B3CBD9A}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{B46F5438-2EE3-4EB1-9ECD-251D3B3CBD9A}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+	EndGlobalSection
+EndGlobal

Kav.sln

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-
-Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
-# Visual Studio 15
-VisualStudioVersion = 15.0.26124.0
-MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 15.0.26124.0
-Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Kav", "Kav.csproj", "{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}"
-EndProject
-Global
-	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
-		Debug|Any CPU = Debug|Any CPU
-		Debug|x64 = Debug|x64
-		Debug|x86 = Debug|x86
-		Release|Any CPU = Release|Any CPU
-		Release|x64 = Release|x64
-		Release|x86 = Release|x86
-	EndGlobalSection
-	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
-		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
-	EndGlobalSection
-	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{34C1B784-AE9C-4EBC-A03A-AC401CB1219A}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-	EndGlobalSection
-EndGlobal

Lights/PointLight.cs

@@ -1,18 +1,55 @@
 using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+using System;
 
 namespace Kav
 {
-    public struct PointLight
+    public sealed class PointLight : IDisposable
     {
         public Vector3 Position { get; }
         public Color Color { get; }
-        public float Intensity { get; }
+        public float Radius { get; }
 
-        public PointLight(Vector3 position, Color color, float intensity = 1f)
-        {
+        public BoundingSphere BoundingSphere { get; }
+
+        public RenderTargetCube ShadowMap { get; }
+
+        public PointLight(
+            GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice,
+            Vector3 position, 
+            Color color, 
+            float radius,
+            int shadowMapSize
+        ) {
             Position = position;
             Color = color;
-            Intensity = intensity;
+            Radius = radius;
+
+            BoundingSphere = new BoundingSphere(position, Radius);
+
+            ShadowMap = new RenderTargetCube(
+                graphicsDevice,
+                shadowMapSize,
+                false,
+                SurfaceFormat.Single,
+                DepthFormat.Depth24,
+                0,
+                RenderTargetUsage.PreserveContents
+            );
+
+            var currentRTs = graphicsDevice.GetRenderTargets();
+            foreach (CubeMapFace face in Enum.GetValues(typeof(CubeMapFace)))
+            {
+                graphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(ShadowMap, face);
+                graphicsDevice.Clear(Color.White);
+            }
+
+            graphicsDevice.SetRenderTargets(currentRTs);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            ShadowMap.Dispose();
         }
     }
 }

Loaders/CrunchAtlasReader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text.Json;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public static class CrunchAtlasReader
+    {
+        static JsonSerializerOptions options = new JsonSerializerOptions
+        {
+            PropertyNameCaseInsensitive = true
+        };
+
+        public static CrunchTextureAtlasData ReadTextureAtlas(FileInfo file)
+        {
+            return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<CrunchTextureAtlasData>(File.ReadAllText(file.FullName), options);
+        }
+    }
+}

Loaders/CrunchTextureAtlasData.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public struct CrunchTextureAtlasData
+    {
+        public CrunchTextureAtlasTextureData[] Textures { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public struct CrunchTextureAtlasTextureData
+    {
+        public string Name { get; set; }
+        public CrunchTextureAtlasImageData[] Images { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public struct CrunchTextureAtlasImageData
+    {
+        public string N { get; set; }
+        public int X { get; set; }
+        public int Y { get; set; }
+        public int W { get; set; }
+        public int H { get; set; }
+    }
+}

Resources.cs

@@ -111,6 +111,18 @@ namespace Kav
             }
         }
 
+        public static byte[] SimpleDepthEffectInstanced
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (simpleDepthEffectInstanced == null)
+                {
+                    simpleDepthEffectInstanced = GetResource("SimpleDepthEffectInstanced.fxb");
+                }
+                return simpleDepthEffectInstanced;
+            }
+        }
+
         public static byte[] LinearDepthEffect
         {
             get
@@ -123,6 +135,18 @@ namespace Kav
             }
         }
 
+        public static byte[] LinearDepthEffectInstanced
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (linearDepthEffectInstanced == null)
+                {
+                    linearDepthEffectInstanced = GetResource("LinearDepthEffectInstanced.fxb");
+                }
+                return linearDepthEffectInstanced;
+            }
+        }
+
         public static byte[] SkyboxEffect
         {
             get
@@ -135,6 +159,30 @@ namespace Kav
             }
         }
 
+        public static byte[] DiffuseLitSpriteEffect
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (diffuseLitSpriteEffect == null)
+                {
+                    diffuseLitSpriteEffect = GetResource("DiffuseLitSpriteEffect.fxb");
+                }
+                return diffuseLitSpriteEffect;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static byte[] PaletteCrushEffect
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (paletteCrushEffect == null)
+                {
+                    paletteCrushEffect = GetResource("PaletteCrushEffect.fxb");
+                }
+                return paletteCrushEffect;
+            }
+        }
+
         public static byte[] UnitCubeModel
         {
             get
@@ -147,6 +195,18 @@ namespace Kav
             }
         }
 
+        public static byte[] UnitSphereModel
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (unitSphereModel == null)
+                {
+                    unitSphereModel = GetResource("UnitSphere.glb");
+                }
+                return unitSphereModel;
+            }
+        }
+
         private static byte[] ambientLightEffect;
         private static byte[] pointLightEffect;
         private static byte[] directionalLightEffect;
@@ -156,10 +216,15 @@ namespace Kav
         private static byte[] deferredPBREffect;
         private static byte[] pbrEffect;
         private static byte[] simpleDepthEffect;
+        private static byte[] simpleDepthEffectInstanced;
         private static byte[] linearDepthEffect;
+        private static byte[] linearDepthEffectInstanced;
         private static byte[] skyboxEffect;
+        private static byte[] diffuseLitSpriteEffect;
+        private static byte[] paletteCrushEffect;
 
         private static byte[] unitCubeModel;
+        private static byte[] unitSphereModel;
 
         private static byte[] GetResource(string name)
         {

Utils/QuaternionUtils.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+
+namespace Kav.Utils
+{
+    public static class QuaternionUtils
+    {
+        // assumes that the input vectors are normalized and orthogonal
+        public static Quaternion LookAt(in Vector3 forward, in Vector3 up)
+        {
+            Matrix orientation = Matrix.Identity;
+            orientation.Forward = forward;
+            orientation.Right = Vector3.Normalize(Vector3.Cross(forward, up));
+            orientation.Up = Vector3.Cross(orientation.Right, forward);
+
+            return Quaternion.CreateFromRotationMatrix(orientation);
+        }
+    }
+}

VertexDeclarations.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    public static class VertexDeclarations
+    {
+        public static VertexDeclaration PositionInstanceDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration
+        (
+            new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.TextureCoordinate, 2)
+        );
+
+        public static VertexDeclaration PositionTextureOffsetInstanceDeclaration = new VertexDeclaration
+        (
+            new VertexElement(0, VertexElementFormat.Vector3, VertexElementUsage.TextureCoordinate, 2),
+            new VertexElement(12, VertexElementFormat.Vector2, VertexElementUsage.TextureCoordinate, 5)
+        );
+    }
+}

Vertices/PositionTextureOffsetInstanceVertex.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
+using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
+
+namespace Kav
+{
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
+    public struct PositionTextureOffsetInstanceVertex : IVertexType
+    {
+        VertexDeclaration IVertexType.VertexDeclaration
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return VertexDeclarations.PositionTextureOffsetInstanceDeclaration;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Vector3 Translation { get; set; }
+        public Vector2 UVOffset { get; set; }
+
+        public static readonly VertexDeclaration VertexDeclaration;
+
+        public PositionTextureOffsetInstanceVertex(
+            Vector3 translation,
+            Vector2 uvOffset
+        ) {
+            Translation = translation;
+            UVOffset = uvOffset;
+        }
+    }
+}