some tweaks to ResourceUploader

Reviewed-on: #53

MoonWorks.csproj

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 	</ItemGroup>
 
 	<ItemGroup>
-		<EmbeddedResource Include="src\Graphics\StockShaders\Binary\video_fullscreen.vert.refresh">
-			<LogicalName>MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.VideoFullscreen.vert.refresh</LogicalName>
+		<EmbeddedResource Include="src\Graphics\StockShaders\Binary\fullscreen.vert.refresh">
+			<LogicalName>MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.Fullscreen.vert.refresh</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
 		<EmbeddedResource Include="src\Graphics\StockShaders\Binary\video_yuv2rgba.frag.refresh">
 			<LogicalName>MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.VideoYUV2RGBA.frag.refresh</LogicalName>
@@ -38,5 +38,8 @@
 		<EmbeddedResource Include="src\Graphics\StockShaders\Binary\text_msdf.frag.refresh">
 			<LogicalName>MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.TextMSDF.frag.refresh</LogicalName>
 		</EmbeddedResource>
+		<EmbeddedResource Include="src\Graphics\StockShaders\Binary\blit.frag.refresh">
+			<LogicalName>MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.Blit.frag.refresh</LogicalName>
+		</EmbeddedResource>
 	</ItemGroup>
 </Project>

lib/RefreshCS

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b5325e6d0329eeb35b074091a569a5f679852d28
+Subproject commit 2e346d84016fb7b26dbe7c5b6c485109571c30f4

src/Audio/ReverbEffect.cs

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Audio
 			RoomSize = FAudio.FAUDIOFX_REVERB_DEFAULT_ROOM_SIZE
 		};
 
+		public FAudio.FAudioFXReverbParameters Params { get; private set; }
+
 		public ReverbEffect(AudioDevice audioDevice, uint processingStage) : base(audioDevice, 1, audioDevice.DeviceDetails.OutputFormat.Format.nSamplesPerSec, processingStage)
 		{
 			/* Init reverb */
@@ -64,6 +66,8 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Audio
 
 		public void SetParams(in FAudio.FAudioFXReverbParameters reverbParams)
 		{
+			Params = reverbParams;
+
 			fixed (FAudio.FAudioFXReverbParameters* reverbParamsPtr = &reverbParams)
 			{
 				FAudio.FAudioVoice_SetEffectParameters(

src/Graphics/Bindings/BufferBinding.cs

@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 	/// </summary>
 	public struct BufferBinding
 	{
-		public Buffer Buffer;
+		public GpuBuffer Buffer;
 		public ulong Offset;
 
-		public BufferBinding(Buffer buffer, ulong offset)
+		public BufferBinding(GpuBuffer buffer, ulong offset)
 		{
 			Buffer = buffer;
 			Offset = offset;

src/Graphics/Bindings/TextureLevelBinding.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// A texture-level pair to be used when binding compute textures.
+	/// </summary>
+	public struct TextureLevelBinding
+	{
+		public Texture Texture;
+		public uint MipLevel;
+
+		public TextureLevelBinding(Texture texture, uint mipLevel = 0)
+		{
+			Texture = texture;
+			MipLevel = mipLevel;
+		}
+	}
+}

src/Graphics/CommandBufferPool.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+
+namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
+{
+	internal class CommandBufferPool
+	{
+		private GraphicsDevice GraphicsDevice;
+		private ConcurrentQueue<CommandBuffer> CommandBuffers = new ConcurrentQueue<CommandBuffer>();
+
+		public CommandBufferPool(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice)
+		{
+			GraphicsDevice = graphicsDevice;
+		}
+
+		public CommandBuffer Obtain()
+		{
+			if (CommandBuffers.TryDequeue(out var commandBuffer))
+			{
+				return commandBuffer;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return new CommandBuffer(GraphicsDevice);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Return(CommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+		{
+			commandBuffer.Handle = IntPtr.Zero;
+			CommandBuffers.Enqueue(commandBuffer);
+		}
+	}
+}

src/Graphics/Font/Font.cs

@@ -47,8 +47,26 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics.Font
 				out float distanceRange
 			);
 
-			var texture = Texture.FromImageFile(graphicsDevice, commandBuffer, Path.ChangeExtension(fontPath, ".png"));
+			var imagePath = Path.ChangeExtension(fontPath, ".png");
+			ImageUtils.ImageInfoFromFile(imagePath, out var width, out var height, out var sizeInBytes);
+			var texture = Texture.CreateTexture2D(graphicsDevice, width, height, TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8, TextureUsageFlags.Sampler);
 
+			var transferBuffer = new TransferBuffer(graphicsDevice, sizeInBytes);
+			ImageUtils.DecodeIntoTransferBuffer(
+				imagePath,
+				transferBuffer,
+				0,
+				SetDataOptions.Overwrite
+			);
+
+			commandBuffer.BeginCopyPass();
+			commandBuffer.UploadToTexture(
+				transferBuffer,
+				texture
+			);
+			commandBuffer.EndCopyPass();
+
+			transferBuffer.Dispose();
 			NativeMemory.Free(fontFileByteBuffer);
 			NativeMemory.Free(atlasFileByteBuffer);
 

src/Graphics/Font/TextBatch.cs

@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics.Font
 		private GraphicsDevice GraphicsDevice { get; }
 		public IntPtr Handle { get; }
 
-		public Buffer VertexBuffer { get; protected set; } = null;
-		public Buffer IndexBuffer { get; protected set; } = null;
+		public GpuBuffer VertexBuffer { get; protected set; } = null;
+		public GpuBuffer IndexBuffer { get; protected set; } = null;
 		public uint PrimitiveCount { get; protected set; }
 
+		private TransferBuffer TransferBuffer;
+
 		public Font CurrentFont { get; private set; }
 
 		private byte* StringBytes;
@@ -30,8 +32,10 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics.Font
 			StringBytesLength = 128;
 			StringBytes = (byte*) NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) StringBytesLength);
 
-			VertexBuffer = Buffer.Create<Vertex>(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Vertex, INITIAL_VERTEX_COUNT);
-			IndexBuffer = Buffer.Create<uint>(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Index, INITIAL_INDEX_COUNT);
+			VertexBuffer = GpuBuffer.Create<Vertex>(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Vertex, INITIAL_VERTEX_COUNT);
+			IndexBuffer = GpuBuffer.Create<uint>(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Index, INITIAL_INDEX_COUNT);
+
+			TransferBuffer = TransferBuffer.Create<byte>(GraphicsDevice, VertexBuffer.Size + IndexBuffer.Size);
 		}
 
 		// Call this to initialize or reset the batch.
@@ -93,22 +97,38 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics.Font
 				out uint indexDataLengthInBytes
 			);
 
+			var vertexSpan = new Span<byte>((void*) vertexDataPointer, (int) vertexDataLengthInBytes);
+			var indexSpan = new Span<byte>((void*) indexDataPointer, (int) indexDataLengthInBytes);
+
+			var newTransferBufferNeeded = false;
+
 			if (VertexBuffer.Size < vertexDataLengthInBytes)
 			{
 				VertexBuffer.Dispose();
-				VertexBuffer = new Buffer(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Vertex, vertexDataLengthInBytes);
+				VertexBuffer = new GpuBuffer(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Vertex, vertexDataLengthInBytes);
+				newTransferBufferNeeded = true;
 			}
 
 			if (IndexBuffer.Size < indexDataLengthInBytes)
 			{
 				IndexBuffer.Dispose();
-				IndexBuffer = new Buffer(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Vertex, vertexDataLengthInBytes);
+				IndexBuffer = new GpuBuffer(GraphicsDevice, BufferUsageFlags.Index, vertexDataLengthInBytes);
+				newTransferBufferNeeded = true;
+			}
+
+			if (newTransferBufferNeeded)
+			{
+				TransferBuffer.Dispose();
+				TransferBuffer = new TransferBuffer(GraphicsDevice, VertexBuffer.Size + IndexBuffer.Size);
 			}
 
 			if (vertexDataLengthInBytes > 0 && indexDataLengthInBytes > 0)
 			{
-				commandBuffer.SetBufferData(VertexBuffer, vertexDataPointer, 0, vertexDataLengthInBytes);
-				commandBuffer.SetBufferData(IndexBuffer, indexDataPointer, 0, indexDataLengthInBytes);
+				TransferBuffer.SetData(vertexSpan, SetDataOptions.Discard);
+				TransferBuffer.SetData(indexSpan, (uint) vertexSpan.Length, SetDataOptions.Overwrite);
+
+				commandBuffer.UploadToBuffer(TransferBuffer, VertexBuffer, new BufferCopy(0, 0, (uint) vertexSpan.Length));
+				commandBuffer.UploadToBuffer(TransferBuffer, IndexBuffer, new BufferCopy((uint) vertexSpan.Length, 0, (uint) indexSpan.Length));
 			}
 
 			PrimitiveCount = vertexCount / 2;
@@ -123,12 +143,12 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics.Font
 			));
 			commandBuffer.BindVertexBuffers(VertexBuffer);
 			commandBuffer.BindIndexBuffer(IndexBuffer, IndexElementSize.ThirtyTwo);
+			commandBuffer.PushVertexShaderUniforms(transformMatrix);
+			commandBuffer.PushFragmentShaderUniforms(CurrentFont.DistanceRange);
 			commandBuffer.DrawIndexedPrimitives(
 				0,
 				0,
-				PrimitiveCount,
-				commandBuffer.PushVertexShaderUniforms(transformMatrix),
-				commandBuffer.PushFragmentShaderUniforms(CurrentFont.DistanceRange)
+				PrimitiveCount
 			);
 		}
 

src/Graphics/GraphicsDevice.cs

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 		// Built-in video pipeline
 		internal GraphicsPipeline VideoPipeline { get; }
 
+		// Built-in blit pipeline
+		internal GraphicsPipeline BlitPipeline { get; }
+
 		// Built-in text shader info
 		public GraphicsShaderInfo TextVertexShaderInfo { get; }
 		public GraphicsShaderInfo TextFragmentShaderInfo { get; }
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 
 		private readonly HashSet<GCHandle> resources = new HashSet<GCHandle>();
 		private FencePool FencePool;
+		private CommandBufferPool CommandBufferPool;
 
 		internal GraphicsDevice(
 			Backend preferredBackend,
@@ -56,32 +60,43 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			// Check for replacement stock shaders
 			string basePath = System.AppContext.BaseDirectory;
 
-			string videoVertPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "video_fullscreen.vert.refresh");
-			string videoFragPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "video_yuv2rgba.frag.refresh");
+			string fullscreenVertPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "fullscreen.vert.refresh");
 
 			string textVertPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "text_transform.vert.refresh");
 			string textFragPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "text_msdf.frag.refresh");
 
-			ShaderModule videoVertShader;
-			ShaderModule videoFragShader;
+			string videoFragPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "video_yuv2rgba.frag.refresh");
+			string blitFragPath = Path.Combine(basePath, "blit.frag.refresh");
+
+			ShaderModule fullscreenVertShader;
 
 			ShaderModule textVertShader;
 			ShaderModule textFragShader;
 
-			if (File.Exists(videoVertPath) && File.Exists(videoFragPath))
+			ShaderModule videoFragShader;
+			ShaderModule blitFragShader;
+
+			if (File.Exists(fullscreenVertPath))
+			{
+				fullscreenVertShader = new ShaderModule(this, fullscreenVertPath);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// use defaults
+				var assembly = typeof(GraphicsDevice).Assembly;
+				using var vertStream = assembly.GetManifestResourceStream("MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.Fullscreen.vert.refresh");
+				fullscreenVertShader = new ShaderModule(this, vertStream);
+			}
+
+			if (File.Exists(videoFragPath))
 			{
-				videoVertShader = new ShaderModule(this, videoVertPath);
 				videoFragShader = new ShaderModule(this, videoFragPath);
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				// use defaults
 				var assembly = typeof(GraphicsDevice).Assembly;
-
-				using var vertStream = assembly.GetManifestResourceStream("MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.VideoFullscreen.vert.refresh");
 				using var fragStream = assembly.GetManifestResourceStream("MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.VideoYUV2RGBA.frag.refresh");
-
-				videoVertShader = new ShaderModule(this, vertStream);
 				videoFragShader = new ShaderModule(this, fragStream);
 			}
 
@@ -102,6 +117,19 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 				textFragShader = new ShaderModule(this, fragStream);
 			}
 
+			if (File.Exists(blitFragPath))
+			{
+				blitFragShader = new ShaderModule(this, blitFragPath);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// use defaults
+				var assembly = typeof(GraphicsDevice).Assembly;
+
+				using var fragStream = assembly.GetManifestResourceStream("MoonWorks.Graphics.StockShaders.Blit.frag.refresh");
+				blitFragShader = new ShaderModule(this, fragStream);
+			}
+
 			VideoPipeline = new GraphicsPipeline(
 				this,
 				new GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo
@@ -114,7 +142,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 					),
 					DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Disable,
 					VertexShaderInfo = GraphicsShaderInfo.Create(
-						videoVertShader,
+						fullscreenVertShader,
 						"main",
 						0
 					),
@@ -130,6 +158,34 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 				}
 			);
 
+			BlitPipeline = new GraphicsPipeline(
+				this,
+				new GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo
+				{
+					AttachmentInfo = new GraphicsPipelineAttachmentInfo(
+						new ColorAttachmentDescription(
+							TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8,
+							ColorAttachmentBlendState.None
+						)
+					),
+					DepthStencilState = DepthStencilState.Disable,
+					VertexShaderInfo = GraphicsShaderInfo.Create(
+						fullscreenVertShader,
+						"main",
+						0
+					),
+					FragmentShaderInfo = GraphicsShaderInfo.Create(
+						blitFragShader,
+						"main",
+						1
+					),
+					VertexInputState = VertexInputState.Empty,
+					RasterizerState = RasterizerState.CCW_CullNone,
+					PrimitiveType = PrimitiveType.TriangleList,
+					MultisampleState = MultisampleState.None
+				}
+			);
+
 			TextVertexShaderInfo = GraphicsShaderInfo.Create<Math.Float.Matrix4x4>(textVertShader, "main", 0);
 			TextFragmentShaderInfo = GraphicsShaderInfo.Create<float>(textFragShader, "main", 1);
 			TextVertexInputState = VertexInputState.CreateSingleBinding<Font.Vertex>();
@@ -138,6 +194,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			LinearSampler = new Sampler(this, SamplerCreateInfo.LinearClamp);
 
 			FencePool = new FencePool(this);
+			CommandBufferPool = new CommandBufferPool(this);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -167,7 +224,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 				window.SwapchainFormat = GetSwapchainFormat(window);
 				if (window.SwapchainTexture == null)
 				{
-					window.SwapchainTexture = new Texture(this);
+					window.SwapchainTexture = new Texture(this, window.SwapchainFormat);
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -221,7 +278,12 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 		/// <returns></returns>
 		public CommandBuffer AcquireCommandBuffer()
 		{
-			return new CommandBuffer(this, Refresh.Refresh_AcquireCommandBuffer(Handle));
+			var commandBuffer = CommandBufferPool.Obtain();
+			commandBuffer.SetHandle(Refresh.Refresh_AcquireCommandBuffer(Handle));
+#if DEBUG
+			commandBuffer.ResetStateTracking();
+#endif
+			return commandBuffer;
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -229,10 +291,23 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 		/// </summary>
 		public void Submit(CommandBuffer commandBuffer)
 		{
+#if DEBUG
+			if (commandBuffer.Submitted)
+			{
+				throw new System.InvalidOperationException("Command buffer already submitted!");
+			}
+#endif
+
 			Refresh.Refresh_Submit(
 				Handle,
 				commandBuffer.Handle
 			);
+
+			CommandBufferPool.Return(commandBuffer);
+
+#if DEBUG
+			commandBuffer.Submitted = true;
+#endif
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>

src/Graphics/ImageUtils.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using RefreshCS;
+
+namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
+{
+	public static class ImageUtils
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets pointer to pixel data from compressed image byte data.
+		///
+		/// The returned pointer must be freed by calling FreePixelData.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe IntPtr GetPixelDataFromBytes(
+			Span<byte> data,
+			out uint width,
+			out uint height,
+			out uint sizeInBytes
+		) {
+			fixed (byte* ptr = data)
+			{
+				var pixelData =
+					Refresh.Refresh_Image_Load(
+					(nint) ptr,
+					data.Length,
+					out var w,
+					out var h,
+					out var len
+				);
+
+				width = (uint) w;
+				height = (uint) h;
+				sizeInBytes = (uint) len;
+
+				return pixelData;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets pointer to pixel data from a compressed image stream.
+		///
+		/// The returned pointer must be freed by calling FreePixelData.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe IntPtr GetPixelDataFromStream(
+			Stream stream,
+			out uint width,
+			out uint height,
+			out uint sizeInBytes
+		) {
+			var length = stream.Length;
+			var buffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) length);
+			var span = new Span<byte>(buffer, (int) length);
+			stream.ReadExactly(span);
+
+			var pixelData = GetPixelDataFromBytes(span, out width, out height, out sizeInBytes);
+
+			NativeMemory.Free(buffer);
+
+			return pixelData;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets pointer to pixel data from a compressed image file.
+		///
+		/// The returned pointer must be freed by calling FreePixelData.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static IntPtr GetPixelDataFromFile(
+			string path,
+			out uint width,
+			out uint height,
+			out uint sizeInBytes
+		) {
+			var fileStream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+			return GetPixelDataFromStream(fileStream, out width, out height, out sizeInBytes);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Get metadata from compressed image bytes.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe bool ImageInfoFromBytes(
+			Span<byte> data,
+			out uint width,
+			out uint height,
+			out uint sizeInBytes
+		) {
+			fixed (byte* ptr = data)
+			{
+				var result =
+					Refresh.Refresh_Image_Info(
+					(nint) ptr,
+					data.Length,
+					out var w,
+					out var h,
+					out var len
+				);
+
+				width = (uint) w;
+				height = (uint) h;
+				sizeInBytes = (uint) len;
+
+				return Conversions.ByteToBool(result);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Get metadata from a compressed image stream.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe bool ImageInfoFromStream(
+			Stream stream,
+			out uint width,
+			out uint height,
+			out uint sizeInBytes
+		) {
+			var length = stream.Length;
+			var buffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) length);
+			var span = new Span<byte>(buffer, (int) length);
+			stream.ReadExactly(span);
+
+			var result = ImageInfoFromBytes(span, out width, out height, out sizeInBytes);
+
+			NativeMemory.Free(buffer);
+
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Get metadata from a compressed image file.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static bool ImageInfoFromFile(
+			string path,
+			out uint width,
+			out uint height,
+			out uint sizeInBytes
+		) {
+			var fileStream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+			return ImageInfoFromStream(fileStream, out width, out height, out sizeInBytes);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Frees pixel data obtained from GetPixelData methods.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static void FreePixelData(IntPtr pixels)
+		{
+			Refresh.Refresh_Image_Free(pixels);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Decodes image data into a TransferBuffer to prepare for image upload.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe uint DecodeIntoTransferBuffer(
+			Span<byte> data,
+			TransferBuffer transferBuffer,
+			uint bufferOffsetInBytes,
+			SetDataOptions option
+		) {
+			var pixelData = GetPixelDataFromBytes(data, out var w, out var h, out var sizeInBytes);
+			var length = transferBuffer.SetData(new Span<byte>((void*) pixelData, (int) sizeInBytes), bufferOffsetInBytes, option);
+			FreePixelData(pixelData);
+			return length;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Decodes an image stream into a TransferBuffer to prepare for image upload.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe uint DecodeIntoTransferBuffer(
+			Stream stream,
+			TransferBuffer transferBuffer,
+			uint bufferOffsetInBytes,
+			SetDataOptions option
+		) {
+			var pixelData = GetPixelDataFromStream(stream, out var w, out var h, out var sizeInBytes);
+			var length = transferBuffer.SetData(new Span<byte>((void*) pixelData, (int) sizeInBytes), bufferOffsetInBytes, option);
+			FreePixelData(pixelData);
+			return length;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Decodes an image file into a TransferBuffer to prepare for image upload.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe uint DecodeIntoTransferBuffer(
+			string path,
+			TransferBuffer transferBuffer,
+			uint bufferOffsetInBytes,
+			SetDataOptions option
+		) {
+			var pixelData = GetPixelDataFromFile(path, out var w, out var h, out var sizeInBytes);
+			var length = transferBuffer.SetData(new Span<byte>((void*) pixelData, (int) sizeInBytes), bufferOffsetInBytes, option);
+			FreePixelData(pixelData);
+			return length;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Saves pixel data contained in a TransferBuffer to a PNG file.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static unsafe void SavePNG(
+			string path,
+			TransferBuffer transferBuffer,
+			uint bufferOffsetInBytes,
+			int width,
+			int height,
+			bool bgra
+		) {
+			var sizeInBytes = width * height * 4;
+
+			var pixelsPtr = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) sizeInBytes);
+			var pixelsSpan = new Span<byte>(pixelsPtr, sizeInBytes);
+
+			transferBuffer.GetData(pixelsSpan, bufferOffsetInBytes);
+
+			if (bgra)
+			{
+				// if data is bgra, we have to swap the R and B channels
+				var rgbaPtr = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) sizeInBytes);
+				var rgbaSpan = new Span<byte>(rgbaPtr, sizeInBytes);
+
+				for (var i = 0; i < sizeInBytes; i += 4)
+				{
+					rgbaSpan[i] = pixelsSpan[i + 2];
+					rgbaSpan[i + 1] = pixelsSpan[i + 1];
+					rgbaSpan[i + 2] = pixelsSpan[i];
+					rgbaSpan[i + 3] = pixelsSpan[i + 3];
+				}
+
+				NativeMemory.Free(pixelsPtr);
+				pixelsPtr = rgbaPtr;
+			}
+
+			Refresh.Refresh_Image_SavePNG(path, (nint) pixelsPtr, width, height);
+			NativeMemory.Free(pixelsPtr);
+		}
+
+		// DDS loading extension, based on MojoDDS
+		// Taken from https://github.com/FNA-XNA/FNA/blob/1e49f868f595f62bc6385db45949a03186a7cd7f/src/Graphics/Texture.cs#L194
+		public static void ParseDDS(
+			BinaryReader reader,
+			out TextureFormat format,
+			out int width,
+			out int height,
+			out int levels,
+			out bool isCube
+		) {
+			// A whole bunch of magic numbers, yay DDS!
+			const uint DDS_MAGIC = 0x20534444;
+			const uint DDS_HEADERSIZE = 124;
+			const uint DDS_PIXFMTSIZE = 32;
+			const uint DDSD_HEIGHT = 0x2;
+			const uint DDSD_WIDTH = 0x4;
+			const uint DDSD_PITCH = 0x8;
+			const uint DDSD_LINEARSIZE = 0x80000;
+			const uint DDSD_REQ = (
+				DDSD_HEIGHT | DDSD_WIDTH
+			);
+			const uint DDSCAPS_MIPMAP = 0x400000;
+			const uint DDSCAPS_TEXTURE = 0x1000;
+			const uint DDSCAPS2_CUBEMAP = 0x200;
+			const uint DDPF_FOURCC = 0x4;
+			const uint DDPF_RGB = 0x40;
+			const uint FOURCC_DXT1 = 0x31545844;
+			const uint FOURCC_DXT3 = 0x33545844;
+			const uint FOURCC_DXT5 = 0x35545844;
+			const uint FOURCC_DX10 = 0x30315844;
+			const uint pitchAndLinear = (
+				DDSD_PITCH | DDSD_LINEARSIZE
+			);
+
+			// File should start with 'DDS '
+			if (reader.ReadUInt32() != DDS_MAGIC)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Not a DDS!");
+			}
+
+			// Texture info
+			uint size = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			if (size != DDS_HEADERSIZE)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid DDS header!");
+			}
+			uint flags = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			if ((flags & DDSD_REQ) != DDSD_REQ)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid DDS flags!");
+			}
+			if ((flags & pitchAndLinear) == pitchAndLinear)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid DDS flags!");
+			}
+			height = reader.ReadInt32();
+			width = reader.ReadInt32();
+			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwPitchOrLinearSize, unused
+			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwDepth, unused
+			levels = reader.ReadInt32();
+
+			// "Reserved"
+			reader.ReadBytes(4 * 11);
+
+			// Format info
+			uint formatSize = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			if (formatSize != DDS_PIXFMTSIZE)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Bogus PIXFMTSIZE!");
+			}
+			uint formatFlags = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			uint formatFourCC = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			uint formatRGBBitCount = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			uint formatRBitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			uint formatGBitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			uint formatBBitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			uint formatABitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+			// dwCaps "stuff"
+			uint caps = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			if ((caps & DDSCAPS_TEXTURE) == 0)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Not a texture!");
+			}
+
+			isCube = false;
+
+			uint caps2 = reader.ReadUInt32();
+			if (caps2 != 0)
+			{
+				if ((caps2 & DDSCAPS2_CUBEMAP) == DDSCAPS2_CUBEMAP)
+				{
+					isCube = true;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid caps2!");
+				}
+			}
+
+			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwCaps3, unused
+			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwCaps4, unused
+
+			// "Reserved"
+			reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+			// Mipmap sanity check
+			if ((caps & DDSCAPS_MIPMAP) != DDSCAPS_MIPMAP)
+			{
+				levels = 1;
+			}
+
+			// Determine texture format
+			if ((formatFlags & DDPF_FOURCC) == DDPF_FOURCC)
+			{
+				switch (formatFourCC)
+				{
+					case 0x71: // D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16F
+						format = TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+						break;
+					case 0x74: // D3DFMT_A32B32G32R32F
+						format = TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
+						break;
+					case FOURCC_DXT1:
+						format = TextureFormat.BC1;
+						break;
+					case FOURCC_DXT3:
+						format = TextureFormat.BC2;
+						break;
+					case FOURCC_DXT5:
+						format = TextureFormat.BC3;
+						break;
+					case FOURCC_DX10:
+						// If the fourCC is DX10, there is an extra header with additional format information.
+						uint dxgiFormat = reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+						// These values are taken from the DXGI_FORMAT enum.
+						switch (dxgiFormat)
+						{
+							case 2:
+								format = TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
+								break;
+
+							case 10:
+								format = TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
+								break;
+
+							case 71:
+								format = TextureFormat.BC1;
+								break;
+
+							case 74:
+								format = TextureFormat.BC2;
+								break;
+
+							case 77:
+								format = TextureFormat.BC3;
+								break;
+
+							case 98:
+								format = TextureFormat.BC7;
+								break;
+
+							default:
+								throw new NotSupportedException(
+									"Unsupported DDS texture format"
+								);
+						}
+
+						uint resourceDimension = reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+						// These values are taken from the D3D10_RESOURCE_DIMENSION enum.
+						switch (resourceDimension)
+						{
+							case 0: // Unknown
+							case 1: // Buffer
+								throw new NotSupportedException(
+									"Unsupported DDS texture format"
+								);
+							default:
+								break;
+						}
+
+						/*
+						 * This flag seemingly only indicates if the texture is a cube map.
+						 * This is already determined above. Cool!
+						 */
+						uint miscFlag = reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+						/*
+						 * Indicates the number of elements in the texture array.
+						 * We don't support texture arrays so just throw if it's greater than 1.
+						 */
+						uint arraySize = reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+						if (arraySize > 1)
+						{
+							throw new NotSupportedException(
+								"Unsupported DDS texture format"
+							);
+						}
+
+						reader.ReadUInt32(); // reserved
+
+						break;
+					default:
+						throw new NotSupportedException(
+							"Unsupported DDS texture format"
+						);
+				}
+			}
+			else if ((formatFlags & DDPF_RGB) == DDPF_RGB)
+			{
+				if (	formatRGBBitCount != 32 ||
+					formatRBitMask != 0x00FF0000 ||
+					formatGBitMask != 0x0000FF00 ||
+					formatBBitMask != 0x000000FF ||
+					formatABitMask != 0xFF000000	)
+				{
+					throw new NotSupportedException(
+						"Unsupported DDS texture format"
+					);
+				}
+
+				format = TextureFormat.B8G8R8A8;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException(
+					"Unsupported DDS texture format"
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public static int CalculateDDSLevelSize(
+			int width,
+			int height,
+			TextureFormat format
+		) {
+			if (format == TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8)
+			{
+				return (((width * 32) + 7) / 8) * height;
+			}
+			else if (format == TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT)
+			{
+				return (((width * 64) + 7) / 8) * height;
+			}
+			else if (format == TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT)
+			{
+				return (((width * 128) + 7) / 8) * height;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				int blockSize = 16;
+				if (format == TextureFormat.BC1)
+				{
+					blockSize = 8;
+				}
+				width = System.Math.Max(width, 1);
+				height = System.Math.Max(height, 1);
+				return (
+					((width + 3) / 4) *
+					((height + 3) / 4) *
+					blockSize
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

src/Graphics/RefreshEnums.cs

@@ -297,6 +297,12 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 		IntOpaqueWhite
 	}
 
+	public enum SetDataOptions
+	{
+		Discard,
+		Overwrite
+	}
+
 	public enum Backend
 	{
 		DontCare,

src/Graphics/RefreshStructs.cs

@@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 		public uint Stride;
 		public VertexInputRate InputRate;
 
-		public static VertexBinding Create<T>(uint binding = 0) where T : unmanaged
+		public static VertexBinding Create<T>(uint binding = 0, VertexInputRate inputRate = VertexInputRate.Vertex) where T : unmanaged
 		{
 			return new VertexBinding
 			{
 				Binding = binding,
-				InputRate = VertexInputRate.Vertex,
+				InputRate = inputRate,
 				Stride = (uint) Marshal.SizeOf<T>()
 			};
 		}
@@ -354,4 +354,60 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			FirstInstance = firstInstance;
 		}
 	}
+
+	[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+	public struct BufferCopy
+	{
+		public uint SrcOffset;
+		public uint DstOffset;
+		public uint Size;
+
+		public BufferCopy(
+			uint srcOffset,
+			uint dstOffset,
+			uint size
+		) {
+			SrcOffset = srcOffset;
+			DstOffset = dstOffset;
+			Size = size;
+		}
+
+		public Refresh.BufferCopy ToRefresh()
+		{
+			return new Refresh.BufferCopy
+			{
+				srcOffset = SrcOffset,
+				dstOffset = DstOffset,
+				size = Size
+			};
+		}
+	}
+
+	[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+	public struct BufferImageCopy
+	{
+		public uint BufferOffset;
+		public uint BufferStride; // if 0, image assumed to be tightly packed
+		public uint BufferImageHeight; // if 0, image assumed to be tightly packed
+
+		public BufferImageCopy(
+			uint bufferOffset,
+			uint bufferStride,
+			uint bufferImageHeight
+		) {
+			BufferOffset = bufferOffset;
+			BufferStride = bufferStride;
+			BufferImageHeight = bufferImageHeight;
+		}
+
+		public Refresh.BufferImageCopy ToRefresh()
+		{
+			return new Refresh.BufferImageCopy
+			{
+				bufferOffset = BufferOffset,
+				bufferStride = BufferStride,
+				bufferImageHeight = BufferImageHeight
+			};
+		}
+	}
 }

src/Graphics/ResourceUploader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// A convenience structure for creating resources and uploading their data.
+	///
+	/// Note that Upload or UploadAndWait must be called after the Create methods for the data to actually be uploaded.
+	///
+	/// Note that this structure does not magically keep memory usage down -
+	/// you may want to stagger uploads over multiple submissions to minimize memory usage.
+	/// </summary>
+	public unsafe class ResourceUploader : GraphicsResource
+	{
+		TransferBuffer TransferBuffer;
+
+		byte* data;
+		uint dataOffset = 0;
+		uint dataSize = 1024;
+
+		List<(GpuBuffer, BufferCopy)> BufferUploads = new List<(GpuBuffer, BufferCopy)>();
+		List<(TextureSlice, uint)> TextureUploads = new List<(TextureSlice, uint)>();
+
+		public ResourceUploader(GraphicsDevice device) : base(device)
+		{
+			data = (byte*) NativeMemory.Alloc(dataSize);
+		}
+
+		// Buffers
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a GpuBuffer with data to be uploaded.
+		/// </summary>
+		public GpuBuffer CreateBuffer<T>(Span<T> data, BufferUsageFlags usageFlags) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			var lengthInBytes = (uint) (Marshal.SizeOf<T>() * data.Length);
+			var gpuBuffer = new GpuBuffer(Device, usageFlags, lengthInBytes);
+
+			SetBufferData(gpuBuffer, 0, data);
+
+			return gpuBuffer;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Prepares upload of data into a GpuBuffer.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void SetBufferData<T>(GpuBuffer buffer, uint bufferOffsetInElements, Span<T> data) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			uint elementSize = (uint) Marshal.SizeOf<T>();
+			uint offsetInBytes = elementSize * bufferOffsetInElements;
+			uint lengthInBytes = (uint) (elementSize * data.Length);
+
+			uint resourceOffset;
+			fixed (void* spanPtr = data)
+			{
+				resourceOffset = CopyData(spanPtr, lengthInBytes);
+			}
+
+			var bufferCopyParams = new BufferCopy(resourceOffset, offsetInBytes, lengthInBytes);
+			BufferUploads.Add((buffer, bufferCopyParams));
+		}
+
+		// Textures
+
+		public Texture CreateTexture2D(Span<byte> pixelData, uint width, uint height)
+		{
+			var texture = Texture.CreateTexture2D(Device, width, height, TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8, TextureUsageFlags.Sampler);
+			SetTextureData(texture, pixelData);
+			return texture;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a 2D Texture from compressed image data to be uploaded.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Texture CreateTexture2DFromCompressed(Span<byte> compressedImageData)
+		{
+			ImageUtils.ImageInfoFromBytes(compressedImageData, out var width, out var height, out var _);
+			var texture = Texture.CreateTexture2D(Device, width, height, TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8, TextureUsageFlags.Sampler);
+			SetTextureDataFromCompressed(texture, compressedImageData);
+			return texture;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a 2D Texture from a compressed image stream to be uploaded.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Texture CreateTexture2DFromCompressed(Stream compressedImageStream)
+		{
+			var length = compressedImageStream.Length;
+			var buffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) length);
+			var span = new Span<byte>(buffer, (int) length);
+			compressedImageStream.ReadExactly(span);
+
+			var texture = CreateTexture2DFromCompressed(span);
+
+			NativeMemory.Free(buffer);
+
+			return texture;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a 2D Texture from a compressed image file to be uploaded.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Texture CreateTexture2DFromCompressed(string compressedImageFilePath)
+		{
+			var fileStream = new FileStream(compressedImageFilePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+			return CreateTexture2DFromCompressed(fileStream);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a texture from a DDS stream.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Texture CreateTextureFromDDS(Stream stream)
+		{
+			using var reader = new BinaryReader(stream);
+			Texture texture;
+			int faces;
+			ImageUtils.ParseDDS(reader, out var format, out var width, out var height, out var levels, out var isCube);
+
+			if (isCube)
+			{
+				texture = Texture.CreateTextureCube(Device, (uint) width, format, TextureUsageFlags.Sampler, (uint) levels);
+				faces = 6;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				texture = Texture.CreateTexture2D(Device, (uint) width, (uint) height, format, TextureUsageFlags.Sampler, (uint) levels);
+				faces = 1;
+			}
+
+			for (int face = 0; face < faces; face += 1)
+			{
+				for (int level = 0; level < levels; level += 1)
+				{
+					var levelWidth = width >> level;
+					var levelHeight = height >> level;
+
+					var levelSize = ImageUtils.CalculateDDSLevelSize(levelWidth, levelHeight, format);
+					var byteBuffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) levelSize);
+					var byteSpan = new Span<byte>(byteBuffer, levelSize);
+					stream.ReadExactly(byteSpan);
+
+					var textureSlice = new TextureSlice
+					{
+						Texture = texture,
+						MipLevel = (uint) level,
+						BaseLayer = (uint) face,
+						LayerCount = 1,
+						X = 0,
+						Y = 0,
+						Z = 0,
+						Width = (uint) levelWidth,
+						Height = (uint) levelHeight,
+						Depth = 1
+					};
+
+					SetTextureData(textureSlice, byteSpan);
+
+					NativeMemory.Free(byteBuffer);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return texture;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a texture from a DDS file.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Texture CreateTextureFromDDS(string path)
+		{
+			var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+			return CreateTextureFromDDS(stream);
+		}
+
+		public void SetTextureDataFromCompressed(TextureSlice textureSlice, Span<byte> compressedImageData)
+		{
+			var pixelData = ImageUtils.GetPixelDataFromBytes(compressedImageData, out var _, out var _, out var sizeInBytes);
+			var pixelSpan = new Span<byte>((void*) pixelData, (int) sizeInBytes);
+
+			SetTextureData(textureSlice, pixelSpan);
+
+			ImageUtils.FreePixelData(pixelData);
+		}
+
+		public void SetTextureDataFromCompressed(TextureSlice textureSlice, Stream compressedImageStream)
+		{
+			var length = compressedImageStream.Length;
+			var buffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) length);
+			var span = new Span<byte>(buffer, (int) length);
+			compressedImageStream.ReadExactly(span);
+			SetTextureDataFromCompressed(textureSlice, span);
+			NativeMemory.Free(buffer);
+		}
+
+		public void SetTextureDataFromCompressed(TextureSlice textureSlice, string compressedImageFilePath)
+		{
+			var fileStream = new FileStream(compressedImageFilePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+			SetTextureDataFromCompressed(textureSlice, fileStream);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Prepares upload of pixel data into a TextureSlice.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void SetTextureData<T>(TextureSlice textureSlice, Span<T> data) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			var elementSize = Marshal.SizeOf<T>();
+			var dataLengthInBytes = (uint) (elementSize * data.Length);
+
+			uint resourceOffset;
+			fixed (T* dataPtr = data)
+			{
+				resourceOffset = CopyDataAligned(dataPtr, dataLengthInBytes, Texture.TexelSize(textureSlice.Texture.Format));
+			}
+
+			TextureUploads.Add((textureSlice, resourceOffset));
+		}
+
+		// Upload
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Uploads all the data corresponding to the created resources.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void Upload()
+		{
+			CopyToTransferBuffer();
+
+			var commandBuffer = Device.AcquireCommandBuffer();
+			RecordUploadCommands(commandBuffer);
+			Device.Submit(commandBuffer);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Uploads and then blocks until the upload is finished.
+		/// This is useful for keeping memory usage down during threaded upload.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void UploadAndWait()
+		{
+			CopyToTransferBuffer();
+
+			var commandBuffer = Device.AcquireCommandBuffer();
+			RecordUploadCommands(commandBuffer);
+			var fence = Device.SubmitAndAcquireFence(commandBuffer);
+			Device.WaitForFences(fence);
+			Device.ReleaseFence(fence);
+		}
+
+		// Helper methods
+
+		private void CopyToTransferBuffer()
+		{
+			if (TransferBuffer == null || TransferBuffer.Size < dataSize)
+			{
+				TransferBuffer?.Dispose();
+				TransferBuffer = new TransferBuffer(Device, dataSize);
+			}
+
+			var dataSpan = new Span<byte>(data, (int) dataSize);
+			TransferBuffer.SetData(dataSpan, SetDataOptions.Discard);
+		}
+
+		private void RecordUploadCommands(CommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+		{
+			commandBuffer.BeginCopyPass();
+
+			foreach (var (gpuBuffer, bufferCopyParams) in BufferUploads)
+			{
+				commandBuffer.UploadToBuffer(
+					TransferBuffer,
+					gpuBuffer,
+					bufferCopyParams
+				);
+			}
+
+			foreach (var (textureSlice, offset) in TextureUploads)
+			{
+				commandBuffer.UploadToTexture(
+					TransferBuffer,
+					textureSlice,
+					new BufferImageCopy(
+						offset,
+						0,
+						0
+					)
+				);
+			}
+
+			commandBuffer.EndCopyPass();
+
+			BufferUploads.Clear();
+			TextureUploads.Clear();
+			dataOffset = 0;
+		}
+
+		private uint CopyData(void* ptr, uint lengthInBytes)
+		{
+			if (dataOffset + lengthInBytes >= dataSize)
+			{
+				dataSize = dataOffset + lengthInBytes;
+				data = (byte*) NativeMemory.Realloc(data, dataSize);
+			}
+
+			var resourceOffset = dataOffset;
+
+			NativeMemory.Copy(ptr, data + dataOffset, lengthInBytes);
+			dataOffset += lengthInBytes;
+
+			return resourceOffset;
+		}
+
+		private uint CopyDataAligned(void* ptr, uint lengthInBytes, uint alignment)
+		{
+			dataOffset = RoundToAlignment(dataOffset, alignment);
+			return CopyData(ptr, lengthInBytes);
+		}
+
+		private uint RoundToAlignment(uint value, uint alignment)
+		{
+			return alignment * ((value + alignment - 1) / alignment);
+		}
+
+		// Dispose
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// It is valid to immediately call Dispose after calling Upload.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
+		{
+			if (!IsDisposed)
+			{
+				if (disposing)
+				{
+					TransferBuffer?.Dispose();
+				}
+
+				NativeMemory.Free(data);
+			}
+			base.Dispose(disposing);
+		}
+	}
+}

src/Graphics/Resources/Buffer.cs

@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using RefreshCS;
-
-namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
-{
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Buffers are generic data containers that can be used by the GPU.
-	/// </summary>
-	public class Buffer : RefreshResource
-	{
-		protected override Action<IntPtr, IntPtr> QueueDestroyFunction => Refresh.Refresh_QueueDestroyBuffer;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Size in bytes.
-		/// </summary>
-		public uint Size { get; }
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Creates a buffer of appropriate size given a type and element count.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <typeparam name="T">The type that the buffer will contain.</typeparam>
-		/// <param name="device">The GraphicsDevice.</param>
-		/// <param name="usageFlags">Specifies how the buffer will be used.</param>
-		/// <param name="elementCount">How many elements of type T the buffer will contain.</param>
-		/// <returns></returns>
-		public unsafe static Buffer Create<T>(
-			GraphicsDevice device,
-			BufferUsageFlags usageFlags,
-			uint elementCount
-		) where T : unmanaged
-		{
-			return new Buffer(
-				device,
-				usageFlags,
-				(uint) Marshal.SizeOf<T>() * elementCount
-			);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Creates a buffer.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="device">An initialized GraphicsDevice.</param>
-		/// <param name="usageFlags">Specifies how the buffer will be used.</param>
-		/// <param name="sizeInBytes">The length of the array. Cannot be resized.</param>
-		public Buffer(
-			GraphicsDevice device,
-			BufferUsageFlags usageFlags,
-			uint sizeInBytes
-		) : base(device)
-		{
-			Handle = Refresh.Refresh_CreateBuffer(
-				device.Handle,
-				(Refresh.BufferUsageFlags) usageFlags,
-				sizeInBytes
-			);
-			Size = sizeInBytes;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Reads data out of a buffer and into a span.
-		/// This operation is only guaranteed to read up-to-date data if GraphicsDevice.Wait or GraphicsDevice.WaitForFences is called first.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="data">The span that data will be copied to.</param>
-		/// <param name="dataLengthInBytes">The length of the data to read.</param>
-		public unsafe void GetData<T>(
-			Span<T> data,
-			uint dataLengthInBytes
-		) where T : unmanaged
-		{
-#if DEBUG
-			if (dataLengthInBytes > Size)
-			{
-				Logger.LogWarn("Requested too many bytes from buffer!");
-			}
-
-			if (dataLengthInBytes > data.Length * Marshal.SizeOf<T>())
-			{
-				Logger.LogWarn("Data length is larger than the provided Span!");
-			}
-#endif
-
-			fixed (T* ptr = data)
-			{
-				Refresh.Refresh_GetBufferData(
-					Device.Handle,
-					Handle,
-					(IntPtr) ptr,
-					dataLengthInBytes
-				);
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Reads data out of a buffer and into an array.
-		/// This operation is only guaranteed to read up-to-date data if GraphicsDevice.Wait or GraphicsDevice.WaitForFences is called first.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="data">The span that data will be copied to.</param>
-		/// <param name="dataLengthInBytes">The length of the data to read.</param>
-		public unsafe void GetData<T>(
-			T[] data,
-			uint dataLengthInBytes
-		) where T : unmanaged
-		{
-			GetData(new Span<T>(data), dataLengthInBytes);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Reads data out of a buffer and into a span.
-		/// This operation is only guaranteed to read up-to-date data if GraphicsDevice.Wait or GraphicsDevice.WaitForFences is called first.
-		/// Fills the span with as much data from the buffer as it can.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="data">The span that data will be copied to.</param>
-		public unsafe void GetData<T>(
-			Span<T> data
-		) where T : unmanaged
-		{
-			var lengthInBytes = System.Math.Min(data.Length * Marshal.SizeOf<T>(), Size);
-			GetData(data, (uint) lengthInBytes);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Reads data out of a buffer and into an array.
-		/// This operation is only guaranteed to read up-to-date data if GraphicsDevice.Wait or GraphicsDevice.WaitForFences is called first.
-		/// Fills the array with as much data from the buffer as it can.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="data">The span that data will be copied to.</param>
-		public unsafe void GetData<T>(
-			T[] data
-		) where T : unmanaged
-		{
-			var lengthInBytes = System.Math.Min(data.Length * Marshal.SizeOf<T>(), Size);
-			GetData(new Span<T>(data), (uint) lengthInBytes);
-		}
-
-		public static implicit operator BufferBinding(Buffer b)
-		{
-			return new BufferBinding(b, 0);
-		}
-	}
-}

src/Graphics/Resources/GpuBuffer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using RefreshCS;
+
+namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// GpuBuffers are generic data containers that can be used by the GPU.
+	/// </summary>
+	public class GpuBuffer : RefreshResource
+	{
+		protected override Action<IntPtr, IntPtr> QueueDestroyFunction => Refresh.Refresh_QueueDestroyGpuBuffer;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Size in bytes.
+		/// </summary>
+		public uint Size { get; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a buffer of appropriate size given a type and element count.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">The type that the buffer will contain.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="device">The GraphicsDevice.</param>
+		/// <param name="usageFlags">Specifies how the buffer will be used.</param>
+		/// <param name="elementCount">How many elements of type T the buffer will contain.</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public unsafe static GpuBuffer Create<T>(
+			GraphicsDevice device,
+			BufferUsageFlags usageFlags,
+			uint elementCount
+		) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			return new GpuBuffer(
+				device,
+				usageFlags,
+				(uint) Marshal.SizeOf<T>() * elementCount
+			);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a buffer.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="device">An initialized GraphicsDevice.</param>
+		/// <param name="usageFlags">Specifies how the buffer will be used.</param>
+		/// <param name="sizeInBytes">The length of the array. Cannot be resized.</param>
+		public GpuBuffer(
+			GraphicsDevice device,
+			BufferUsageFlags usageFlags,
+			uint sizeInBytes
+		) : base(device)
+		{
+			Handle = Refresh.Refresh_CreateGpuBuffer(
+				device.Handle,
+				(Refresh.BufferUsageFlags) usageFlags,
+				sizeInBytes
+			);
+			Size = sizeInBytes;
+		}
+
+		public static implicit operator BufferBinding(GpuBuffer b)
+		{
+			return new BufferBinding(b, 0);
+		}
+	}
+}

src/Graphics/Resources/GraphicsPipeline.cs

@@ -61,12 +61,11 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.blendConstants[2] = blendConstants.B;
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.blendConstants[3] = blendConstants.A;
 
-			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.backStencilState = depthStencilState.BackStencilState.ToRefresh();
+			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.stencilState = depthStencilState.StencilState.ToRefresh();
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.compareOp = (Refresh.CompareOp) depthStencilState.CompareOp;
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.depthBoundsTestEnable = Conversions.BoolToByte(depthStencilState.DepthBoundsTestEnable);
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.depthTestEnable = Conversions.BoolToByte(depthStencilState.DepthTestEnable);
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.depthWriteEnable = Conversions.BoolToByte(depthStencilState.DepthWriteEnable);
-			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.frontStencilState = depthStencilState.FrontStencilState.ToRefresh();
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.maxDepthBounds = depthStencilState.MaxDepthBounds;
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.minDepthBounds = depthStencilState.MinDepthBounds;
 			refreshGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.depthStencilState.stencilTestEnable = Conversions.BoolToByte(depthStencilState.StencilTestEnable);

src/Graphics/Resources/Texture.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 using System;
 using System.IO;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using RefreshCS;
 
 namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
@@ -18,166 +17,11 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 		public uint LevelCount { get; }
 		public SampleCount SampleCount { get; }
 		public TextureUsageFlags UsageFlags { get; }
+		public uint Size { get; }
 
 		// FIXME: this allocates a delegate instance
 		protected override Action<IntPtr, IntPtr> QueueDestroyFunction => Refresh.Refresh_QueueDestroyTexture;
 
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Creates a 2D Texture using PNG or QOI data from raw byte data.
-		/// </summary>
-		public static unsafe Texture FromImageBytes(
-			GraphicsDevice device,
-			CommandBuffer commandBuffer,
-			Span<byte> data
-		) {
-			Texture texture;
-
-			fixed (byte *dataPtr = data)
-			{
-				var pixels = Refresh.Refresh_Image_Load((nint) dataPtr, data.Length, out var width, out var height, out var len);
-
-				TextureCreateInfo textureCreateInfo = new TextureCreateInfo();
-				textureCreateInfo.Width = (uint) width;
-				textureCreateInfo.Height = (uint) height;
-				textureCreateInfo.Depth = 1;
-				textureCreateInfo.Format = TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8;
-				textureCreateInfo.IsCube = false;
-				textureCreateInfo.LevelCount = 1;
-				textureCreateInfo.SampleCount = SampleCount.One;
-				textureCreateInfo.UsageFlags = TextureUsageFlags.Sampler;
-
-				texture = new Texture(device, textureCreateInfo);
-				commandBuffer.SetTextureData(texture, pixels, (uint) len);
-
-				Refresh.Refresh_Image_Free(pixels);
-			}
-
-			return texture;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Creates a 2D Texture using PNG or QOI data from a stream.
-		/// </summary>
-		public static unsafe Texture FromImageStream(
-			GraphicsDevice device,
-			CommandBuffer commandBuffer,
-			Stream stream
-		) {
-			var length = stream.Length;
-			var buffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) length);
-			var span = new Span<byte>(buffer, (int) length);
-			stream.ReadExactly(span);
-
-			var texture = FromImageBytes(device, commandBuffer, span);
-
-			NativeMemory.Free((void*) buffer);
-
-			return texture;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Creates a 2D Texture using PNG or QOI data from a file.
-		/// </summary>
-		public static Texture FromImageFile(
-			GraphicsDevice device,
-			CommandBuffer commandBuffer,
-			string path
-		) {
-			var fileStream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
-			return FromImageStream(device, commandBuffer, fileStream);
-		}
-
-		public static unsafe void SetDataFromImageBytes(
-			CommandBuffer commandBuffer,
-			TextureSlice textureSlice,
-			Span<byte> data
-		) {
-			fixed (byte* ptr = data)
-			{
-				var pixels = Refresh.Refresh_Image_Load(
-					(nint) ptr,
-					(int) data.Length,
-					out var w,
-					out var h,
-					out var len
-				);
-
-				commandBuffer.SetTextureData(textureSlice, pixels, (uint) len);
-
-				Refresh.Refresh_Image_Free(pixels);
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Sets data for a texture slice using PNG or QOI data from a stream.
-		/// </summary>
-		public static unsafe void SetDataFromImageStream(
-			CommandBuffer commandBuffer,
-			TextureSlice textureSlice,
-			Stream stream
-		) {
-			var length = stream.Length;
-			var buffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) length);
-			var span = new Span<byte>(buffer, (int) length);
-			stream.ReadExactly(span);
-
-			SetDataFromImageBytes(commandBuffer, textureSlice, span);
-
-			NativeMemory.Free((void*) buffer);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Sets data for a texture slice using PNG or QOI data from a file.
-		/// </summary>
-		public static void SetDataFromImageFile(
-			CommandBuffer commandBuffer,
-			TextureSlice textureSlice,
-			string path
-		) {
-			var fileStream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
-			SetDataFromImageStream(commandBuffer, textureSlice, fileStream);
-		}
-
-		public unsafe static Texture LoadDDS(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice, CommandBuffer commandBuffer, System.IO.Stream stream)
-		{
-			using var reader = new BinaryReader(stream);
-			Texture texture;
-			int faces;
-			ParseDDS(reader, out var format, out var width, out var height, out var levels, out var isCube);
-
-			if (isCube)
-			{
-				texture = CreateTextureCube(graphicsDevice, (uint) width, format, TextureUsageFlags.Sampler, (uint) levels);
-				faces = 6;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				texture = CreateTexture2D(graphicsDevice, (uint) width, (uint) height, format, TextureUsageFlags.Sampler, (uint) levels);
-				faces = 1;
-			}
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < faces; i += 1)
-			{
-				for (int j = 0; j < levels; j += 1)
-				{
-					var levelWidth = width >> j;
-					var levelHeight = height >> j;
-
-					var levelSize = CalculateDDSLevelSize(levelWidth, levelHeight, format);
-					var byteBuffer = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) levelSize);
-					var byteSpan = new Span<byte>(byteBuffer, levelSize);
-					stream.ReadExactly(byteSpan);
-
-					var textureSlice = new TextureSlice(texture, new Rect(0, 0, levelWidth, levelHeight), 0, (uint) i, (uint) j);
-					commandBuffer.SetTextureData(textureSlice, (nint) byteBuffer, (uint) levelSize);
-
-					NativeMemory.Free(byteBuffer);
-				}
-			}
-
-			return texture;
-		}
-
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Creates a 2D texture.
 		/// </summary>
@@ -296,6 +140,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			LevelCount = textureCreateInfo.LevelCount;
 			SampleCount = textureCreateInfo.SampleCount;
 			UsageFlags = textureCreateInfo.UsageFlags;
+			Size = Width * Height * BytesPerPixel(Format) / BlockSizeSquared(Format);
 		}
 
 		public static implicit operator TextureSlice(Texture t) => new TextureSlice(t);
@@ -303,12 +148,13 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 		// Used by AcquireSwapchainTexture.
 		// Should not be tracked, because swapchain textures are managed by Vulkan.
 		internal Texture(
-			GraphicsDevice device
+			GraphicsDevice device,
+			TextureFormat format
 		) : base(device)
 		{
 			Handle = IntPtr.Zero;
 
-			Format = TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8;
+			Format = format;
 			Width = 0;
 			Height = 0;
 			Depth = 1;
@@ -316,333 +162,113 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			LevelCount = 1;
 			SampleCount = SampleCount.One;
 			UsageFlags = TextureUsageFlags.ColorTarget;
+			Size = Width * Height * BytesPerPixel(Format) / BlockSizeSquared(Format);
 		}
 
-		// DDS loading extension, based on MojoDDS
-		// Taken from https://github.com/FNA-XNA/FNA/blob/1e49f868f595f62bc6385db45949a03186a7cd7f/src/Graphics/Texture.cs#L194
-		private static void ParseDDS(
-			BinaryReader reader,
-			out TextureFormat format,
-			out int width,
-			out int height,
-			out int levels,
-			out bool isCube
-		) {
-			// A whole bunch of magic numbers, yay DDS!
-			const uint DDS_MAGIC = 0x20534444;
-			const uint DDS_HEADERSIZE = 124;
-			const uint DDS_PIXFMTSIZE = 32;
-			const uint DDSD_HEIGHT = 0x2;
-			const uint DDSD_WIDTH = 0x4;
-			const uint DDSD_PITCH = 0x8;
-			const uint DDSD_LINEARSIZE = 0x80000;
-			const uint DDSD_REQ = (
-				DDSD_HEIGHT | DDSD_WIDTH
-			);
-			const uint DDSCAPS_MIPMAP = 0x400000;
-			const uint DDSCAPS_TEXTURE = 0x1000;
-			const uint DDSCAPS2_CUBEMAP = 0x200;
-			const uint DDPF_FOURCC = 0x4;
-			const uint DDPF_RGB = 0x40;
-			const uint FOURCC_DXT1 = 0x31545844;
-			const uint FOURCC_DXT3 = 0x33545844;
-			const uint FOURCC_DXT5 = 0x35545844;
-			const uint FOURCC_DX10 = 0x30315844;
-			const uint pitchAndLinear = (
-				DDSD_PITCH | DDSD_LINEARSIZE
-			);
-
-			// File should start with 'DDS '
-			if (reader.ReadUInt32() != DDS_MAGIC)
-			{
-				throw new NotSupportedException("Not a DDS!");
-			}
-
-			// Texture info
-			uint size = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			if (size != DDS_HEADERSIZE)
-			{
-				throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid DDS header!");
-			}
-			uint flags = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			if ((flags & DDSD_REQ) != DDSD_REQ)
-			{
-				throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid DDS flags!");
-			}
-			if ((flags & pitchAndLinear) == pitchAndLinear)
-			{
-				throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid DDS flags!");
-			}
-			height = reader.ReadInt32();
-			width = reader.ReadInt32();
-			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwPitchOrLinearSize, unused
-			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwDepth, unused
-			levels = reader.ReadInt32();
-
-			// "Reserved"
-			reader.ReadBytes(4 * 11);
-
-			// Format info
-			uint formatSize = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			if (formatSize != DDS_PIXFMTSIZE)
-			{
-				throw new NotSupportedException("Bogus PIXFMTSIZE!");
-			}
-			uint formatFlags = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			uint formatFourCC = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			uint formatRGBBitCount = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			uint formatRBitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			uint formatGBitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			uint formatBBitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			uint formatABitMask = reader.ReadUInt32();
-
-			// dwCaps "stuff"
-			uint caps = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			if ((caps & DDSCAPS_TEXTURE) == 0)
-			{
-				throw new NotSupportedException("Not a texture!");
-			}
-
-			isCube = false;
-
-			uint caps2 = reader.ReadUInt32();
-			if (caps2 != 0)
-			{
-				if ((caps2 & DDSCAPS2_CUBEMAP) == DDSCAPS2_CUBEMAP)
-				{
-					isCube = true;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					throw new NotSupportedException("Invalid caps2!");
-				}
-			}
-
-			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwCaps3, unused
-			reader.ReadUInt32(); // dwCaps4, unused
-
-			// "Reserved"
-			reader.ReadUInt32();
-
-			// Mipmap sanity check
-			if ((caps & DDSCAPS_MIPMAP) != DDSCAPS_MIPMAP)
-			{
-				levels = 1;
-			}
-
-			// Determine texture format
-			if ((formatFlags & DDPF_FOURCC) == DDPF_FOURCC)
-			{
-				switch (formatFourCC)
-				{
-					case 0x71: // D3DFMT_A16B16G16R16F
-						format = TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
-						break;
-					case 0x74: // D3DFMT_A32B32G32R32F
-						format = TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
-						break;
-					case FOURCC_DXT1:
-						format = TextureFormat.BC1;
-						break;
-					case FOURCC_DXT3:
-						format = TextureFormat.BC2;
-						break;
-					case FOURCC_DXT5:
-						format = TextureFormat.BC3;
-						break;
-					case FOURCC_DX10:
-						// If the fourCC is DX10, there is an extra header with additional format information.
-						uint dxgiFormat = reader.ReadUInt32();
-
-						// These values are taken from the DXGI_FORMAT enum.
-						switch (dxgiFormat)
-						{
-							case 2:
-								format = TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT;
-								break;
-
-							case 10:
-								format = TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT;
-								break;
-
-							case 71:
-								format = TextureFormat.BC1;
-								break;
-
-							case 74:
-								format = TextureFormat.BC2;
-								break;
-
-							case 77:
-								format = TextureFormat.BC3;
-								break;
-
-							case 98:
-								format = TextureFormat.BC7;
-								break;
-
-							default:
-								throw new NotSupportedException(
-									"Unsupported DDS texture format"
-								);
-						}
-
-						uint resourceDimension = reader.ReadUInt32();
-
-						// These values are taken from the D3D10_RESOURCE_DIMENSION enum.
-						switch (resourceDimension)
-						{
-							case 0: // Unknown
-							case 1: // Buffer
-								throw new NotSupportedException(
-									"Unsupported DDS texture format"
-								);
-							default:
-								break;
-						}
-
-						/*
-						 * This flag seemingly only indicates if the texture is a cube map.
-						 * This is already determined above. Cool!
-						 */
-						uint miscFlag = reader.ReadUInt32();
-
-						/*
-						 * Indicates the number of elements in the texture array.
-						 * We don't support texture arrays so just throw if it's greater than 1.
-						 */
-						uint arraySize = reader.ReadUInt32();
-
-						if (arraySize > 1)
-						{
-							throw new NotSupportedException(
-								"Unsupported DDS texture format"
-							);
-						}
-
-						reader.ReadUInt32(); // reserved
-
-						break;
-					default:
-						throw new NotSupportedException(
-							"Unsupported DDS texture format"
-						);
-				}
-			}
-			else if ((formatFlags & DDPF_RGB) == DDPF_RGB)
-			{
-				if (	formatRGBBitCount != 32 ||
-					formatRBitMask != 0x00FF0000 ||
-					formatGBitMask != 0x0000FF00 ||
-					formatBBitMask != 0x000000FF ||
-					formatABitMask != 0xFF000000	)
-				{
-					throw new NotSupportedException(
-						"Unsupported DDS texture format"
-					);
-				}
-
-				format = TextureFormat.B8G8R8A8;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				throw new NotSupportedException(
-					"Unsupported DDS texture format"
-				);
-			}
-		}
-
-		private static int CalculateDDSLevelSize(
-			int width,
-			int height,
-			TextureFormat format
-		) {
-			if (format == TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8)
-			{
-				return (((width * 32) + 7) / 8) * height;
-			}
-			else if (format == TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT)
-			{
-				return (((width * 64) + 7) / 8) * height;
-			}
-			else if (format == TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT)
-			{
-				return (((width * 128) + 7) / 8) * height;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				int blockSize = 16;
-				if (format == TextureFormat.BC1)
-				{
-					blockSize = 8;
-				}
-				width = System.Math.Max(width, 1);
-				height = System.Math.Max(height, 1);
-				return (
-					((width + 3) / 4) *
-					((height + 3) / 4) *
-					blockSize
-				);
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Asynchronously saves RGBA or BGRA pixel data to a file in PNG format. <br/>
-		/// Warning: this is expensive and will block to wait for data download from GPU! <br/>
-		/// You can avoid blocking by calling this method from a thread.
-		/// </summary>
-		public unsafe void SavePNG(string path)
+		public static uint BytesPerPixel(TextureFormat format)
 		{
-#if DEBUG
-			if (Format != TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8 && Format != TextureFormat.B8G8R8A8)
+			switch (format)
 			{
-				throw new ArgumentException("Texture format must be RGBA or BGRA!", "format");
+				case TextureFormat.R8:
+				case TextureFormat.R8_UINT:
+					return 1;
+				case TextureFormat.R5G6B5:
+				case TextureFormat.B4G4R4A4:
+				case TextureFormat.A1R5G5B5:
+				case TextureFormat.R16_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8_SNORM:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.D16:
+					return 2;
+				case TextureFormat.D16S8:
+					return 3;
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8:
+				case TextureFormat.B8G8R8A8:
+				case TextureFormat.R32_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8_SNORM:
+				case TextureFormat.A2R10G10B10:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.D32:
+					return 4;
+				case TextureFormat.D32S8:
+					return 5;
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16:
+				case TextureFormat.R32G32_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.BC1:
+					return 8;
+				case TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.BC2:
+				case TextureFormat.BC3:
+				case TextureFormat.BC7:
+					return 16;
+				default:
+					Logger.LogError("Texture format not recognized!");
+					return 0;
 			}
-#endif
+		}
 
-			var buffer = new Buffer(Device, 0, Width * Height * 4); // this creates garbage... oh well
-
-			// immediately request the data copy
-			var commandBuffer = Device.AcquireCommandBuffer();
-			commandBuffer.CopyTextureToBuffer(this, buffer);
-			var fence = Device.SubmitAndAcquireFence(commandBuffer);
-
-			var byteCount = buffer.Size;
-
-			var pixelsPtr = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) byteCount);
-			var pixelsSpan = new Span<byte>(pixelsPtr, (int) byteCount);
-
-			Device.WaitForFences(fence); // make sure the data transfer is done...
-			Device.ReleaseFence(fence); // and then release the fence
-
-			buffer.GetData(pixelsSpan);
-
-			if (Format == TextureFormat.B8G8R8A8)
+		public static uint TexelSize(TextureFormat format)
+		{
+			switch (format)
 			{
-				var rgbaPtr = NativeMemory.Alloc((nuint) byteCount);
-				var rgbaSpan = new Span<byte>(rgbaPtr, (int) byteCount);
-
-				for (var i = 0; i < byteCount; i += 4)
-				{
-					rgbaSpan[i] = pixelsSpan[i + 2];
-					rgbaSpan[i + 1] = pixelsSpan[i + 1];
-					rgbaSpan[i + 2] = pixelsSpan[i];
-					rgbaSpan[i + 3] = pixelsSpan[i + 3];
-				}
-
-				Refresh.Refresh_Image_SavePNG(path, (nint) rgbaPtr, (int) Width, (int) Height);
-
-				NativeMemory.Free((void*) rgbaPtr);
+				case TextureFormat.BC2:
+				case TextureFormat.BC3:
+				case TextureFormat.BC7:
+					return 16;
+				case TextureFormat.BC1:
+					return 8;
+				default:
+					return 1;
 			}
-			else
+		}
+
+		public static uint BlockSizeSquared(TextureFormat format)
+		{
+			switch (format)
 			{
-				fixed (byte* ptr = pixelsSpan)
-				{
-					Refresh.Refresh_Image_SavePNG(path, (nint) ptr, (int) Width, (int) Height);
-				}
+				case TextureFormat.BC1:
+				case TextureFormat.BC2:
+				case TextureFormat.BC3:
+				case TextureFormat.BC7:
+					return 16;
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8:
+				case TextureFormat.B8G8R8A8:
+				case TextureFormat.R5G6B5:
+				case TextureFormat.A1R5G5B5:
+				case TextureFormat.B4G4R4A4:
+				case TextureFormat.A2R10G10B10:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16:
+				case TextureFormat.R8:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8_SNORM:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8_SNORM:
+				case TextureFormat.R16_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R32_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R32G32_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT:
+				case TextureFormat.R8_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16_UINT:
+				case TextureFormat.D16:
+				case TextureFormat.D32:
+				case TextureFormat.D16S8:
+				case TextureFormat.D32S8:
+					return 1;
+				default:
+					Logger.LogError("Texture format not recognized!");
+					return 0;
 			}
-
-			NativeMemory.Free(pixelsPtr);
 		}
 	}
 }

src/Graphics/Resources/TransferBuffer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using RefreshCS;
+
+namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
+{
+	public unsafe class TransferBuffer : RefreshResource
+	{
+		protected override Action<IntPtr, IntPtr> QueueDestroyFunction => Refresh.Refresh_QueueDestroyTransferBuffer;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Size in bytes.
+		/// </summary>
+		public uint Size { get; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a buffer of requested size given a type and element count.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">The type that the buffer will contain.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="device">The GraphicsDevice.</param>
+		/// <param name="elementCount">How many elements of type T the buffer will contain.</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public unsafe static TransferBuffer Create<T>(
+			GraphicsDevice device,
+			uint elementCount
+		) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			return new TransferBuffer(
+				device,
+				(uint) Marshal.SizeOf<T>() * elementCount
+			);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a TransferBuffer.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="device">An initialized GraphicsDevice.</param>
+		/// <param name="sizeInBytes">The length of the buffer. Cannot be resized.</param>
+		public TransferBuffer(
+			GraphicsDevice device,
+			uint sizeInBytes
+		) : base(device)
+		{
+			Handle = Refresh.Refresh_CreateTransferBuffer(
+				device.Handle,
+				sizeInBytes
+			);
+			Size = sizeInBytes;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Immediately copies data from a Span to the TransferBuffer.
+		/// Returns the length of the copy in bytes.
+		///
+		/// If setDataOption is DISCARD and this TransferBuffer was used in an Upload command,
+		/// that command will still use the correct data at the cost of increased memory usage.
+		///
+		/// If setDataOption is OVERWRITE and this TransferBuffer was used in an Upload command,
+		/// the data will be overwritten immediately, which could cause a data race.
+		/// </summary>
+		public unsafe uint SetData<T>(
+			Span<T> data,
+			uint bufferOffsetInBytes,
+			SetDataOptions setDataOption
+		) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			var elementSize = Marshal.SizeOf<T>();
+			var dataLengthInBytes = (uint) (elementSize * data.Length);
+
+#if DEBUG
+			AssertBufferBoundsCheck(Size, bufferOffsetInBytes, dataLengthInBytes);
+#endif
+
+			fixed (T* dataPtr = data)
+			{
+				Refresh.Refresh_SetData(
+					Device.Handle,
+					(nint) dataPtr,
+					Handle,
+					new Refresh.BufferCopy
+					{
+						srcOffset = 0,
+						dstOffset = bufferOffsetInBytes,
+						size = dataLengthInBytes
+					},
+					(Refresh.SetDataOptions) setDataOption
+				);
+			}
+
+			return dataLengthInBytes;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Immediately copies data from a Span to the TransferBuffer.
+		/// Returns the length of the copy in bytes.
+		///
+		/// If setDataOption is DISCARD and this TransferBuffer was used in an Upload command,
+		/// that command will still use the correct data at the cost of increased memory usage.
+		///
+		/// If setDataOption is OVERWRITE and this TransferBuffer was used in an Upload command,
+		/// the data will be overwritten immediately, which could cause a data race.
+		/// </summary>
+		public unsafe uint SetData<T>(
+			Span<T> data,
+			SetDataOptions setDataOption
+		) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			return SetData(data, 0, setDataOption);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Immediately copies data from the TransferBuffer into a Span.
+		/// </summary>
+		public unsafe void GetData<T>(
+			Span<T> data,
+			uint bufferOffsetInBytes = 0
+		) where T : unmanaged
+		{
+			var elementSize = Marshal.SizeOf<T>();
+			var dataLengthInBytes = (uint) (elementSize * data.Length);
+
+#if DEBUG
+			AssertBufferBoundsCheck(Size, bufferOffsetInBytes, dataLengthInBytes);
+#endif
+
+			fixed (T* dataPtr = data)
+			{
+				Refresh.Refresh_GetData(
+					Device.Handle,
+					Handle,
+					(nint) dataPtr,
+					new Refresh.BufferCopy
+					{
+						srcOffset = bufferOffsetInBytes,
+						dstOffset = 0,
+						size = dataLengthInBytes
+					}
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+#if DEBUG
+		private void AssertBufferBoundsCheck(uint bufferLengthInBytes, uint offsetInBytes, uint copyLengthInBytes)
+		{
+			if (copyLengthInBytes > bufferLengthInBytes + offsetInBytes)
+			{
+				throw new InvalidOperationException($"SetData overflow! Transfer buffer length {bufferLengthInBytes}, offset {offsetInBytes}, copy length {copyLengthInBytes}");
+			}
+		}
+#endif
+	}
+}

src/Graphics/State/DepthStencilState.cs

@@ -11,14 +11,9 @@
 		public bool DepthTestEnable;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Describes the stencil operation for back-facing primitives.
+		/// Describes the stencil operation.
 		/// </summary>
-		public StencilOpState BackStencilState;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Describes the stencil operation for front-facing primitives.
-		/// </summary>
-		public StencilOpState FrontStencilState;
+		public StencilOpState StencilState;
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// The comparison operator used in the depth test.

src/Graphics/StockShaders/Source/blit.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout (location = 0) in vec2 TexCoord;
+
+layout (location = 0) out vec4 FragColor;
+
+layout (binding = 0, set = 1) uniform sampler2D TexSampler;
+
+void main()
+{
+	FragColor = texture(TexSampler, TexCoord);
+}

src/Graphics/TextureSlice.cs

@@ -8,34 +8,31 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 	/// </summary>
 	public struct TextureSlice
 	{
-		public Texture Texture { get; }
-		public Rect Rectangle { get; }
-		public uint Depth { get; }
-		public uint Layer { get; }
-		public uint Level { get; }
+		public Texture Texture;
+		public uint MipLevel;
+		public uint BaseLayer;
+		public uint LayerCount;
+		public uint X;
+		public uint Y;
+		public uint Z;
+		public uint Width;
+		public uint Height;
+		public uint Depth;
+
+		public uint Size => (Width * Height * Depth * LayerCount * Texture.BytesPerPixel(Texture.Format) / Texture.BlockSizeSquared(Texture.Format)) >> (int) MipLevel;
 
 		public TextureSlice(Texture texture)
 		{
 			Texture = texture;
-			Rectangle = new Rect
-			{
-				X = 0,
-				Y = 0,
-				W = (int) texture.Width,
-				H = (int) texture.Height
-			};
-			Depth = 0;
-			Layer = 0;
-			Level = 0;
-		}
-
-		public TextureSlice(Texture texture, Rect rectangle, uint depth = 0, uint layer = 0, uint level = 0)
-		{
-			Texture = texture;
-			Rectangle = rectangle;
-			Depth = depth;
-			Layer = layer;
-			Level = level;
+			MipLevel = 0;
+			BaseLayer = 0;
+			LayerCount = (uint) (texture.IsCube ? 6 : 1);
+			X = 0;
+			Y = 0;
+			Z = 0;
+			Width = texture.Width;
+			Height = texture.Height;
+			Depth = texture.Depth;
 		}
 
 		public Refresh.TextureSlice ToRefreshTextureSlice()
@@ -43,10 +40,15 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			Refresh.TextureSlice textureSlice = new Refresh.TextureSlice
 			{
 				texture = Texture.Handle,
-				rectangle = Rectangle.ToRefresh(),
-				depth = Depth,
-				layer = Layer,
-				level = Level
+				mipLevel = MipLevel,
+				baseLayer = BaseLayer,
+				layerCount = LayerCount,
+				x = X,
+				y = Y,
+				z = Z,
+				w = Width,
+				h = Height,
+				d = Depth
 			};
 
 			return textureSlice;

src/Graphics/VertexBindingAndAttributes.cs

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 			VertexAttributes = attributes;
 		}
 
-		public static VertexBindingAndAttributes Create<T>(uint bindingIndex) where T : unmanaged, IVertexType
+		public static VertexBindingAndAttributes Create<T>(uint bindingIndex, uint locationOffset = 0, VertexInputRate inputRate = VertexInputRate.Vertex) where T : unmanaged, IVertexType
 		{
-			VertexBinding binding = VertexBinding.Create<T>(bindingIndex);
+			VertexBinding binding = VertexBinding.Create<T>(bindingIndex, inputRate);
 			VertexAttribute[] attributes = new VertexAttribute[T.Formats.Length];
 			uint offset = 0;
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Graphics
 				attributes[i] = new VertexAttribute
 				{
 					Binding = bindingIndex,
-					Location = i,
+					Location = locationOffset + i,
 					Format = format,
 					Offset = offset
 				};

src/Input/VirtualButtons/KeyboardButton.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-
 namespace MoonWorks.Input
 {
 	/// <summary>
@@ -16,9 +14,9 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Input
 			KeyCode = keyCode;
 		}
 
-		internal override bool CheckPressed()
+		internal unsafe override bool CheckPressed()
 		{
-			return Conversions.ByteToBool(Marshal.ReadByte(Parent.State, (int) KeyCode));
+			return Conversions.ByteToBool(((byte*) Parent.State)[(int) KeyCode]);
 		}
 	}
 }

src/Math/Easing.cs

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Math
 			{
 				return Interp(start, hold, time, attackDuration, Function.Get(attackEasingFunction));
 			}
-			else if (time >= attackDuration && time < holdDuration)
+			else if (time >= attackDuration && time < attackDuration + holdDuration)
 			{
 				return hold;
 			}
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Math
 			{
 				return Interp(start, hold, time, attackDuration, Function.Get(attackEasingFunction));
 			}
-			else if (time >= attackDuration && time < holdDuration)
+			else if (time >= attackDuration && time < attackDuration + holdDuration)
 			{
 				return hold;
 			}

src/Video/VideoPlayer.cs

@@ -22,12 +22,13 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Video
 		private Task ResetStreamATask;
 		private Task ResetStreamBTask;
 
-		private GraphicsDevice GraphicsDevice;
 		private Texture yTexture = null;
 		private Texture uTexture = null;
 		private Texture vTexture = null;
 		private Sampler LinearSampler;
 
+		private TransferBuffer TransferBuffer;
+
 		private int currentFrame;
 
 		private Stopwatch timer;
@@ -36,8 +37,6 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Video
 
 		public VideoPlayer(GraphicsDevice device) : base(device)
 		{
-			GraphicsDevice = device;
-
 			LinearSampler = new Sampler(device, SamplerCreateInfo.LinearClamp);
 
 			timer = new Stopwatch();
@@ -55,46 +54,46 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Video
 
 				if (RenderTexture == null)
 				{
-					RenderTexture = CreateRenderTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.Width, video.Height);
+					RenderTexture = CreateRenderTexture(Device, video.Width, video.Height);
 				}
 
 				if (yTexture == null)
 				{
-					yTexture = CreateSubTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.Width, video.Height);
+					yTexture = CreateSubTexture(Device, video.Width, video.Height);
 				}
 
 				if (uTexture == null)
 				{
-					uTexture = CreateSubTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
+					uTexture = CreateSubTexture(Device, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
 				}
 
 				if (vTexture == null)
 				{
-					vTexture = CreateSubTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
+					vTexture = CreateSubTexture(Device, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
 				}
 
 				if (video.Width != RenderTexture.Width || video.Height != RenderTexture.Height)
 				{
 					RenderTexture.Dispose();
-					RenderTexture = CreateRenderTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.Width, video.Height);
+					RenderTexture = CreateRenderTexture(Device, video.Width, video.Height);
 				}
 
 				if (video.Width != yTexture.Width || video.Height != yTexture.Height)
 				{
 					yTexture.Dispose();
-					yTexture = CreateSubTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.Width, video.Height);
+					yTexture = CreateSubTexture(Device, video.Width, video.Height);
 				}
 
 				if (video.UVWidth != uTexture.Width || video.UVHeight != uTexture.Height)
 				{
 					uTexture.Dispose();
-					uTexture = CreateSubTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
+					uTexture = CreateSubTexture(Device, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
 				}
 
 				if (video.UVWidth != vTexture.Width || video.UVHeight != vTexture.Height)
 				{
 					vTexture.Dispose();
-					vTexture = CreateSubTexture(GraphicsDevice, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
+					vTexture = CreateSubTexture(Device, video.UVWidth, video.UVHeight);
 				}
 
 				Video = video;
@@ -233,37 +232,73 @@ namespace MoonWorks.Video
 		{
 			lock (CurrentStream)
 			{
-				var commandBuffer = GraphicsDevice.AcquireCommandBuffer();
+				var commandBuffer = Device.AcquireCommandBuffer();
 
-				commandBuffer.SetTextureDataYUV(
+				var ySpan = new Span<byte>((void*) CurrentStream.yDataHandle, (int) CurrentStream.yDataLength);
+				var uSpan = new Span<byte>((void*) CurrentStream.uDataHandle, (int) CurrentStream.uvDataLength);
+				var vSpan = new Span<byte>((void*) CurrentStream.vDataHandle, (int) CurrentStream.uvDataLength);
+
+				if (TransferBuffer == null || TransferBuffer.Size < ySpan.Length + uSpan.Length + vSpan.Length)
+				{
+					TransferBuffer?.Dispose();
+					TransferBuffer = new TransferBuffer(Device, (uint) (ySpan.Length + uSpan.Length + vSpan.Length));
+				}
+				TransferBuffer.SetData(ySpan, 0, SetDataOptions.Discard);
+				TransferBuffer.SetData(uSpan, (uint) ySpan.Length, SetDataOptions.Overwrite);
+				TransferBuffer.SetData(vSpan, (uint) (ySpan.Length + uSpan.Length), SetDataOptions.Overwrite);
+
+				commandBuffer.BeginCopyPass();
+
+				commandBuffer.UploadToTexture(
+					TransferBuffer,
 					yTexture,
-					uTexture,
-					vTexture,
-					CurrentStream.yDataHandle,
-					CurrentStream.uDataHandle,
-					CurrentStream.vDataHandle,
-					CurrentStream.yDataLength,
-					CurrentStream.uvDataLength,
-					CurrentStream.yStride,
-					CurrentStream.uvStride
+					new BufferImageCopy
+					{
+						BufferOffset = 0,
+						BufferStride = CurrentStream.yStride,
+						BufferImageHeight = yTexture.Height
+					}
 				);
 
+				commandBuffer.UploadToTexture(
+					TransferBuffer,
+					uTexture,
+					new BufferImageCopy{
+						BufferOffset = (uint) ySpan.Length,
+						BufferStride = CurrentStream.uvStride,
+						BufferImageHeight = uTexture.Height
+					}
+				);
+
+				commandBuffer.UploadToTexture(
+					TransferBuffer,
+					vTexture,
+					new BufferImageCopy
+					{
+						BufferOffset = (uint) (ySpan.Length + uSpan.Length),
+						BufferStride = CurrentStream.uvStride,
+						BufferImageHeight = vTexture.Height
+					}
+				);
+
+				commandBuffer.EndCopyPass();
+
 				commandBuffer.BeginRenderPass(
 					new ColorAttachmentInfo(RenderTexture, Color.Black)
 				);
 
-				commandBuffer.BindGraphicsPipeline(GraphicsDevice.VideoPipeline);
+				commandBuffer.BindGraphicsPipeline(Device.VideoPipeline);
 				commandBuffer.BindFragmentSamplers(
 					new TextureSamplerBinding(yTexture, LinearSampler),
 					new TextureSamplerBinding(uTexture, LinearSampler),
 					new TextureSamplerBinding(vTexture, LinearSampler)
 				);
 
-				commandBuffer.DrawPrimitives(0, 1, 0, 0);
+				commandBuffer.DrawPrimitives(0, 1);
 
 				commandBuffer.EndRenderPass();
 
-				GraphicsDevice.Submit(commandBuffer);
+				Device.Submit(commandBuffer);
 			}
 		}